Dietary Fat and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Ruminants, Pigs, and Rodents: A Review

Abstract

Effects of dietary fat on dairy cows are reviewed. Dietary fat did not affect gain in BW or body condition score after peak lactation but tended to increase BW loss during early lactation and body fat deposition in growing cattle. Dietary fat decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue. Basal FFA release from adipose tissue in vitro and beta-adrenergic lipolytic responses were increased by protected polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fat increased body fat in growing pigs and decreased BW loss in lactating sows. Dietary fat decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis and basal glycerol release in adipose tissue and tended to increase simultaneously beta-adrenergic lipolytic responses to increased membrane fluidity. Dietary fat increased body fat in rats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were sometimes less efficient than saturated ones in increasing body fat. Lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue generally decreased. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis was decreased sharply by polyunsaturated fatty acids, and adipose tissue response was less important. beta-Adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis decreased, and fatty acid esterification increased, particularly from saturated fatty acids. A trend toward insulin resistance, which was more marked with saturated fatty acids, occurred in adipose tissue.

Sustainability of ruminant agriculture in the new context: feeding strategies and features of animal adaptability into the necessary holistic approach

“…For instance, in early lactating dairy cows it was expected that providing high-energy content feeds, such as dietary fat, would help in reducing body lipid mobilization through direct fat supply. Surprisingly, a meta-analysis of the data revealed that under this focus feeding practice cows mobilized more body lipids than unsupplemented ones (Chilliard, 1993).…”

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

“…Dietary energy source in dairy cattle 669 Several reviews have indicated nutrition to be important in the prevention and treatment of NEB related disorders [25, [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The relation of NEB with protein metabolism has been reviewed [25,47], just as the relation between dietary fat (C2 compounds or lipogenic) and metabolic and reproductive disorders [48,51,[54][55][56].…”

“…The relation of NEB with protein metabolism has been reviewed [25,47], just as the relation between dietary fat (C2 compounds or lipogenic) and metabolic and reproductive disorders [48,51,[54][55][56]. However, the key problem that occurs in the metabolism of a dairy cow in early lactation seems to be the unbalanced availability of C3 (glycogenic) and C2 (lipogenic) compounds derived from nutrients and body reserves.…”

“…Plasma NEFA and BHBA levels are recognized as indicators for body fat mobilization and NEB in dairy cattle in early lactation [22,48,55,57]. Decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels have been associated with NEB [12, 13, 57, 58] and increase as cows progress towards a more positive EB [59].…”

Responses to nutrients in farm animals: implications for production and quality

“…This may explain the differential regulation of food intake according the nature of fatty acids although other mechanisms are likely to occur, such as gut peptide release during meals (Allen et al, 2005). The combined effects of an increase in milk energy secretion and a decrease (or no change) in energy intake paradoxically result in lower energy balance and higher body-weight loss in early lactation cows fed supplemental lipids (Chilliard, 1993). Furthermore, unsaturated fatty acids probably increased these effects since postruminally infused plant oil stimulated b-adrenergic lipolytic responses in adipose tissue (Gagliostro and Chilliard, 1991).…”