Dietary factors and smoking as risk factors for PD in a rural population in China: a nested case-control study

Abstract

Among 16,488 subjects surveyed, we diagnosed 464 subjects with PD. Then, four sex- and age-matched controls were paired with each definite PD case. A total of 85 cases and 340 controls were analyzed. Meat consumption and the body mass index (BMI) were inversely associated with PD. The PD risk declined with the increment of BMI. A history of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of PD. As to smoking, there seemed an increased risk of PD among individuals who smoked regularly, non-significantly. However, a significantly increased risk of PD was found among those who smoked more than 30 pack-years.

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

“…A Swedish case-control study reported inverse associations of PD with intake of meat and ham, eggs, and wheat bread [295]. An inverse association between intake of meat and PD was also found in a Chinese case-control study nested within a nutrition intervention trial [466], but this study reported no associations of PD with intake of eggs, fruits, or vegetables and PD.…”

“…An early case-control study [127] reported higher frequency of hypertension among PD cases compared to controls, although no p value was provided. Six other case-control studies [132,142,303,358,409,466] found no association between selfreported hypertension and PD, one study found lower risk of PD associated with hypertension in univariate analyses, but when adjusting for smoking and other variables, the association did not persist [631]. Another case-control study reported increased PD risk associated with hypertension in women (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.00-2.62) but not in men [540].…”

“…Similarly, a Chinese case-control study nested within a nutrition intervention trial cohort observed declining risk of PD with increasing BMI at baseline (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20-0.93 for the highest BMI category versus the lowest) in univariate analyses. When controlling for smoking (among other variables), the association persisted [466]. The HonoluluHeart Study that followed a cohort of men in Hawaii measured BMI, subscapular skinfold thickness, and triceps skinfold thickness at baseline, and detected 137 incident PD cases [467].…”

“…Three other case-control studies found no relationships between heart disease or stroke and PD [540], between coronary artery disease and PD [142] or between stroke and PD [466]. [636].…”

Prospective study of dietary pattern and risk of Parkinson disease

“…The Western dietary pattern has been shown to be significantly associated with high plasma homocysteine and inflammatory biomarkers in the HPFS and NHS (17,18). However, in some case-control studies individuals with PD had significantly lower intakes of meat and eggs than did controls (45,46). A greater intake of red meats or processed meats, which are major dietary sources of purine, has been reported to be associated with higher plasma uric acid concentrations (47).…”