Dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products of residents in Shanghai, China

Abstract

A dietary survey of 3431 residents was conducted by a 24-h dietary recall method in Shanghai, China, quarterly from September 2013 to September 2014. A total of 400 food samples were tested for aluminium concentration, including wheat flour and puffed products from 2011 to 2013. Probabilistic analysis was used to estimate the dietary exposure to aluminium from wheat and puffed products. The means of dietary aluminium exposure for children (2-6 years old), juveniles (7-17 years old), adults (18-65 years old) and seniors (over 65 years old) were 1.88, 0.94, 0.44 and 0.42 mg kg(-1) body weight (bw) week(-1) respectively, with a population average of 0.51 mg kg(-1) bw week(-1). The proportions of those who had aluminium exposure from wheat and puffed products lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) were 77%, 90%, 97%, and 97% respectively from children to seniors. We estimated that the proportions of people at risk would decrease by 13%, 6%, 2% and 2% respectively under the new China National Standards - GB 2760-2014 National Food Safety for Standards for using food additives. The results indicated that aluminium from wheat flour and puffed products is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population in Shanghai; however, children were at a higher risk of excess aluminium exposure. Significant improvements in reducing the dietary exposure to aluminium are expected in the population, especially for children after the implementation of GB 2760-2014.

A Preliminary Investigation of Naturally Occurring Aluminum in Grains, Vegetables, and Fruits from Some Areas of China and Dietary Intake Assessment

“…containing food additives were the most important source of dietary aluminum intake from wheat products, which contributed to 85% of the total dietary intake of aluminum (1.795 mg/kg bw/week) and were estimated to be 1.53 mg/kg bw/week (Ma et al, 2016). For different dietary patterns, the lower aluminum intake from wheat products were reported in some local risk assessment from southern areas of China, which ranged from 0.51 to 0.80 mg/kg bw/week and contributed 53.5% to 60.0% of the dietary aluminum intake (Guo et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2014). According to the published data of the aluminum intake from the processed wheat products and the result of natural aluminum intake from wheats (0.22 mg/kg bw/week) in our study, it was estimated that about 14% to 43% of the aluminum intake from processed wheat products were from the natural aluminum in wheat.…”

A longitudinal assessment of aluminum contents in foodstuffs and aluminum intake of residents in Tianjin metropolis

“…Daily intake of aluminum in China has been investigated, and the studies typically focus on distinct geographical areas such as Shanghai (Guo et al., ), Zhejiang province (Zhang et al., ), the Pearl River Delta of South China (Jiang et al., ), and Hong Kong (Wong, Chung, Kwong, Yin Ho, & Xiao, ). Tianjin is a metropolis in northern coastal mainland China and the world's sixth most populous city proper with a population of 15,469,500 (Statistics Bulletin on Economic and Social Development of Tianjin in , 2015).…”

Probabilistic Risk Analysis to Assess Dietary Exposure to Aluminum in the Taiwanese Population

“…Guo at al. [17] conducted a study on Al exposure in food by obtaining 400 food samples from Shanghai, China and measuring the Al concentration in each sample between 2011 and 2013. The highest levels of Al were observed in children aged 2-6 years (1.88 mg/kg-bw/wk).…”

“…We did not adopt the other seven categories from Zhou [26], because these were adopted from other countries. Complementary to the studies assessing dietary Al exposure in Taiwan, three studies [17,21,25] gathered food representative of the diet and to matching with the major food groups consumed in the Taiwanese, such as rice, milk, eggs, vegetables, etc. We aimed to be as close as possible to consumer's real dietary habits to accurately reflect dietary exposure to Al in Taiwanese. On the other hand, the food sample data were based on a single 24 h recall and reported from years 2013, 2014, and 2016; however, the dietary consumption data were from 2017.…”

“…For the past years, researchers have focused on measuring and assessing the dietary exposure to Al from processed foods/raw materials/food additives [16], wheat flour/puffed products [17], food and kitchenware [18], and high Al-containing food additives [19]. National-specific studies combined with food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), large sample sizes, and multiple age groups for food have also been mentioned in countries [20][21][22][23][24].…”