Dietary enzymatically-treated Artemisia annua L. supplementation could alleviate oxidative injury and improve reproductive performance of sows reared under high ambient temperature

Nutritional strategies to alleviate oxidative stress in sows

“…Similarly, dietary supplementation of enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. at 1.0 g/kg was shown to result in significant elevations in the serum T-AOC levels of sows and piglets during pregnancy and lactation, and the serum MDA level was found to be decreased. In addition, enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. was found to promote the intestinal barrier integrity of piglets ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ). The beneficial effect of Artemisia annua L supplementation might be due to its enrichment in sesquiterpenes (artemisinin), volatile oils, alkaloid phenols and flavonoids ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ), which can resist oxidation and enhance immunity ( Ferreira et al., 2010 ).…”

“…In addition, enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. was found to promote the intestinal barrier integrity of piglets ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ). The beneficial effect of Artemisia annua L supplementation might be due to its enrichment in sesquiterpenes (artemisinin), volatile oils, alkaloid phenols and flavonoids ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ), which can resist oxidation and enhance immunity ( Ferreira et al., 2010 ). Hemp seeds are rich in polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other bioactive compounds ( Callaway, 2004 ).…”

“…For example, addition of selenium (1 mg/kg organic Se) was found to increase the concentrations of serum GSH-Px, SOD, GSH and T-AOC in sows during lactation, reflecting that the sow is in a good antioxidant state at this stage. In addition, the antioxidant properties and nutrient content of milk were also shown to be improved ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ). Similarly, sow fed Se-enriched yeast (0.3 Se mg/kg diet) were shown to have improved antioxidant capacity in the serum and milk of sows compared with sows fed inorganic selenium ( Chen et al., 2016 ).…”

“… Breed, feeding time, replicate number, condition of experiment and products Antioxidant state of sows and piglets Reproductive and lactation performance Other effects References Period: Piglets: birth to 38 d of age Sow: (G84 to weaning) Product: Se-Met 0.26 and 0.43 mg Se/kg Or Na–Se 0.40 and 0.60 mg Se/kg Replicate number: 31 sows/group Piglet plasma (Se-Met groups) ↑GSH-Px 3 at birth and d 5 after parturition Reproduction: ↑piglet body weight (Se-Met groups at d 24) Se-Met-groups at d 38 ↑Se-concentrations in plasma and had a dose–response effect Falk et al. (2020) Breed: Landrace × Yorkshire Period: G85 to L35 Product: yeast culture (YC) and organic selenium (Se), 10 g/kg YC + organic Se (1 mg/kg Se) Replicate number: 40 sows/group Sow serum (L1): ↑SOD, T-AOC, GSH Sow serum (L25): ↑GSH-PX Colostrum: ↑GSH-Px, T-SOD; ↓MDA Milk (d 4): ↑fat Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 Period: G90 to weaning Product: only vitamin E or vitamin E and Proviox polyphenols Gestation diets: Proviox polyphenols (50 mg/kg), vitamin E (50 mg/kg) Lactation diets: Proviox polyphenols (75 mg/kg), vitamin E (75 mg/kg) Replicate number: 13 sows/group Sow serum (Farrowing): ↑GSH-Px, T-SOD, TAS Sow serum (Weaning): ↑GSH-Px, T-SOD, TAS Piglet serum (d 21 of age): ↑GSH-Px, T-SOD, TAS Reproduction: ↑litter weight at birth and weaning Piglet serum (d 21 of age): ↑α-Tocopherol, retinol Lipiński et al. (2019) Breed: Yorkshire mixed-parity sows Period: G85 to L21 Product: N-carbamylglutamate and vitamin C (both 0.05%) Replicate number: 13 sows/group Sow serum (weaning): ↓MDA Reproduction: ↑initial litter weight, average birth weight, weaning litter weight, average weaning weight Sow: ↓Respiration; ↑teed intake Sow serum (weaning): ↑blood IgG Feng et al .…”

“…, 2009 ). Oxidative stress in sows decreased reproductive performance such as total litter size, live litter size and litter weight gain ( Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 , Zhang et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, oxidative stress caused decreased feed intake of sows during lactation, which leads to prolonged negative energy balance and greater loss of body condition and reduced milk production ( Black et al., 1993 ; Dima et al., 2009 ).…”