Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses

Stewart-Hunt, L.; Pratt-Phillips, S.E.; McCutcheon, L. J.; Geor, Raymond J.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00255.x

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Unfortunately, the number of horses reaching the playoff turns was too low for a statistical evaluation of these data, but as an example, the blood glucose values of a typical starch‐rich fed horse were 3.7 mmol/l before the competition start, 3.6 mmol/l after the first turn, but decreased to 2.6 mmol/l after the playoff turn. In a study presented by Stewart‐Hunt and colleges (Stewart‐Hunt et al., ), a high starch diet resulted in decreased insulin sensitivity that was compensated by an increase in muscle membrane glucose transporter content in untrained horses. The energy content of the roughage was estimated using average values of normal Swiss hay, as no proximate analysis or calorimetric measurements were performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing inSwitzerland

Brunner

Liesegang

Weiss³

et al. 2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional management of show jumping horses in practice with recommendations from the literature. Additionally, the effects of these feeding practices on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise were studied. Blood samples were collected in the field from 27 different horses at 71 trials on the level M1 to S2 show jumping competitions in Switzerland and questionnaires on feeding practice of the studied horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training and on tournament days horses received on average 3.1 kg of concentrate per day (min. 2.0 kg, max. 6.6 kg) divided into two to three meals. The horses were fed on average 6.9 kg of roughage per day (min. 4.0 kg, max. 13.0 kg). Additionally, it was observed that the horses received the last meal on average 6 h 10 min (min. 1 h 50 min, max. 12 h 30 min) before the start of the first show jumping turn, respectively, 7 h 30 min (min 1 h 50 min, max. 13 h 0 min) before the second turn. Seven horses (35%) had access to hay waiting in the trailer between two turns. The statistical analysis revealed no significant influence of the concentrate feeding time point on lactate, triglyceride and insulin levels, but a significant influence on free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose concentrations. Roughage feeding of the show jumping horses 2-4 h prior to exercise revealed the most remarkable changes in blood parameters during the show jumping course. These results received under field conditions should be approved in future under standardized conditions. Conflicts of interest: 12No conflicts of interest exist. 13 Sources of funding:14 There were no external sources of funding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing inSwitzerland

Brunner

Liesegang

Weiss³

et al. 2014

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…insulin sensitivity have been characterized, have shown no increase in whole body insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp after a single bout of exercise (42). In contrast, exercise training increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in some (49,50), but not all (11), studies in the horse, which is more consistent with the increase in insulin sensitivity induced by training in humans and rodents (45). Pratt et al (42) hypothesized that the lack of response to acute exercise reflected the relatively small increase in glycogen synthase activity and slow glycogen replenishment in muscle after exercise in horses compared with humans and rodents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

McConell

Kaur

Falcão-Tebas

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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In healthy humans and rodents, chronic and acute exercise improves subsequent insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. A large animal species with similar metabolic responses to exercise would permit longitudinal studies, including repeated biopsies of muscle and other tissues not possible in rodents, and enable study of interactions with insulin-resistant physiological states not feasible in humans. Therefore, we examined whether acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) in mature female sheep (n ϭ 7). Sheep were familiarized to treadmill walking and then performed an acute exercise bout (30 min, 8% slope, up to 4.4 km/h). A second HEC was conducted ϳ18 h after the acute exercise. Musculus semimembranosus biopsies were obtained before and after each HEC. Glucose infusion rate during the HEC increased 40% (P ϭ 0.003) and insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate/plasma insulin concentration) increased 32% (P ϭ 0.028) after acute exercise. Activation of proximal insulin signaling in skeletal muscle after the HEC, measured as Ser 473 phosphorylation of Akt, increased approximately five-fold in response to insulin (P Ͻ 0.001) and was unaltered by acute exercise performed 18 h earlier. PGC1␣ and GLUT4 protein, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity in skeletal muscle did not change in response to insulin or exercise. In conclusion, improved insulin sensitivity and unchanged proximal insulin signaling on the day after acute exercise in sheep are consistent with responses in humans and rodents, suggesting that the sheep is an appropriate large-animal model in which to study responses to exercise. exercise; insulin sensitivity; muscle; sheep REGULAR EXERCISE TRAINING increases insulin-stimulated whole body and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in humans, in healthy individuals as well as in those who have Type 2 diabetes (T2D) or are obese or aged (reviewed by Refs. 14, 31, 45). Increased expression of hexokinase 2, some insulin signaling proteins and GLUT4, and greater insulin-induced vasodilation are implicated as mechanisms for enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after training (14,31,45). Exercise training probably acts mainly at distal sites to increase glucose uptake, with the balance of evidence, suggesting that proximal insulin signaling is not upregulated (14, 38). Importantly, a single bout of exercise also increases the insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake during the following 4 -48 h in healthy humans (34,46,52,54,55). Similar effects have been demonstrated in rodents, where an acute exercise bout increases in vitro insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse muscle 85 min after exercise (18) and in rat muscle collected 3-16 h after a single bout of exercise (8,15,19,43,44). Available evidence from studies in humans and rodents suggests that acute exercise, like exercise training, increases insulin sensitivity without changes in proximal insulin signaling (reviewed in Ref. 31).A large animal model with...

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“…Understanding the relationship between glucose and insulin dynamics, age and dietary adaptation in horses is important due to their association with metabolic diseases such as equine metabolic syndrome and/or pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. However, a number of other innate (breed, sex, adiposity, genetics) and environmental (diet, exercise) factors affect insulin dynamics in equids [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin responses are higher in aged than young horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In animals kept at pasture, exacerbation of hyperinsulinaemia and incident laminitis often coincides with an increase in forage nonstructural carbohydrate content [10]. Other studies have reported that the feeding of a starch-rich diet results in a decrease in insulin sensitivity when compared with feeding low-starch diets that contain higher fat (oil) and/or fiber content [2,4,11,12]. However, there have been few reports on the effect of diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in older horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses

Jacob

Geor

Weber

et al. 2017

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses

Abstract: SummaryReasons for performing study: Starch rich (S) feeds reduce insulin sensitivity in untrained horses when compared to high fat (F) feeds, but insulin sensitivity is not affected when S or F are fed during exercise training.

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing inSwitzerland

Feeding practice and influence on selected blood parameters in show jumping horses competing inSwitzerland

Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in adult sheep: a new preclinical model

Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses

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