Dietary electrolyte balance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freshwater feeds: Impact on osmoregulation, mineral metabolism and performance in seawater

Abstract

Dietary electrolyte balance is the equilibrium of monovalent cations and anions that influence the acid-base balance of the feed (dEB = Na + K − Cl, mEq kg − 1 ). Dietary electrolytes/minerals can influence the physiological changes during smoltification in Atlantic salmon. In this context, we aimed to study if the dEB of the freshwater feeds can be used to pre-adapt the hypoosmotic functionality and the associated effects on mineral metabolism. The dEB of commercial freshwater Atlantic salmon feeds in Norway varied from − 9 to 400 mEq kg − 1 feed. Three experimental feeds were formulated to study incremental levels of dEB reflecting the low (L-dEB, − 50 to 0), median (M-dEB, 200-250) and high . Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon parr (36 g) were fed one of the three feeds for 8 weeks in freshwater at 12 • C. The fish were transferred to full strength seawater in indoor tanks and fed a commercial diet for 6 weeks. Growth was not differentially affected by dEB levels, neither in the freshwater phase nor in the seawater. Plasma electrolytes (Na+ and Cl− ) and gill mRNA expression of sodium potassium ATPase (NKA a1b, seawater isoform) were significantly lower in L-dEB fed fish. In the intestine, carbonate precipitates 24 h after seawater transfer was higher in fish fed both L-dEB and H-dEB feeds compared to the M-dEB fed fish. Whole body and plasma mineral levels were significantly affected by dEB levels in freshwater feeds. Interestingly, the carryover effect of dEB in freshwater feeds was significant after 6 weeks in seawater for plasma and whole-body Zn status, with the H-dEB fed fish showing significantly increased body Zn status compared to L-dEB and M-dEB fed fish. The study revealed that mineral metabolism and intestinal response to seawater transfer can be pre-adapted by modulating the electrolyte and/or mineral balance in freshwater feeds in Atlantic salmon. Further, dEB did not affect long term development of cataract or vertebral deformities.

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