Dietary Effect of Soybean (Glycine max) Products on Gut Histology and Microbiota of Fish

Merrifield, Daniel L.; Olsen, Rolf Erik; Myklebust, R.; Ringø, Einar

doi:10.5772/20101

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…These behaviors expose the two ecotypes to different sources of food, with NEAC predominantly eating capelin and herring (48) and NCC living on a more diverse diet, including crustaceans, fish, and even seaweeds (34,39). Diet has been shown to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiome in several fish species (9,10,13,53,59,60). Finally, the Barents Sea has a high microbial biodiversity compared to coastal areas (61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

Riiser

Haverkamp

Varadharajan

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The relative importance of host-specific selection or environmental factors in determining the composition of the intestinal microbiome in wild vertebrates remains poorly understood. Here, we used metagenomic shotgun sequencing of individual specimens to compare the levels of intra- and interspecific variation of intestinal microbiome communities in two ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that have distinct behavior and habitats and three Gadidae species that occupy a range of ecological niches. Interestingly, we found significantly diverged microbiomes among the two Atlantic cod ecotypes. Interspecific patterns of variation are more variable, with significantly diverged communities for most species’ comparisons, apart from the comparison between coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose community compositions are not significantly diverged. The absence of consistent species-specific microbiomes suggests that external environmental factors, such as temperature, diet, or a combination thereof, comprise major drivers of the intestinal community composition of codfishes. IMPORTANCE The composition of the intestinal microbial community associated with teleost fish is influenced by a diversity of factors, ranging from internal factors (such as host-specific selection) to external factors (such as niche occupation). These factors are often difficult to separate, as differences in niche occupation (e.g., diet, temperature, or salinity) may correlate with distinct evolutionary trajectories. Here, we investigate four gadoid species with contrasting levels of evolutionary separation and niche occupation. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we observed distinct microbiomes among two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) with distinct behavior and habitats. In contrast, interspecific patterns of variation were more variable. For instance, we did not observe interspecific differentiation between the microbiomes of coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose lineages underwent evolutionary separation over 20 million years ago. The observed pattern of microbiome variation in these gadoid species is therefore most parsimoniously explained by differences in niche occupation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

Riiser

Haverkamp

Varadharajan

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In a study of prolonged starvation in common dentex (Dentex dentex) 27 the activity of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased, moreover the prooxidative activity for the main flavonide present in soy meal was demonstrated in vitro study 66 , therefore increased SOD activity in our study, in groups with higher percentages of SBM as replacement for FM, could be as a results from oxidative stress conditions caused with undernutrition and antinutritional agents. When using high dietary levels of plant derived materials, particularly those derived from soybean, it is important to consider the impacts on gut histology as the gastrointestinal tract can be an important infection route for some pathogens in fish 67 . Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of SBM and BY feed on gut epithelial and hepatic cell histology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer’s yeast

Matulić

Barišić

Aničić

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and brewer's yeast (BY) on growth performance, blood parameters, oxidative stress and micromorphology of liver and intestines in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.). fish were fed nine feeds in which FM was replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM (K1, K2, K3 and K4) and 17% + 8%, 42% + 8%, 67% + 8% and 92% + 8% of SBM/BY combination (K5, K6, K7, K8). Growth indices showed greater outcomes for the K2 group in comparison to all other groups. A decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations was found after FM replacement. Activity of SOD was higher in groups K4, K7 and K8. The early inflammatory indications with abnormal vacuolization of lamina propria and basal epithelium were present in diets K4 and K8. Hepatocytes were irregular in shape with signs of inflammatory reaction in diet K8. A decreased perimeter of hepatocyte nuclei was detected in all experimental diets when compared with the control. This study demonstrates that the optimal replacement of FM with SBM/BY in brown bullhead diets contains up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM in order to obtain advantageous growth performance and adequate health condition. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the food sector. The global supply of fish for human consumption has outpaced population growth in the past five decades-preliminary estimates suggest per capita intakes higher than 20 kg (20.2) 1 , double the level of the 1960s-that is mainly due to aquaculture growth, as the capture fisheries have stagnated in the last few decades. However, in 2010 aquaculture used 73% of global fishmeal production 2. Therefore, Hardy 3 argued that the industry would soon run out of sufficient quantities of fish oil and fishmeal (FM). As a result of increasing demand, limited supply and a dramatic increase in FM price, suitable alternative protein sources for fish feed have recently been intensively studied 4. In modern intensive aquaculture, feed formulations may account for more than 50% of the total production costs. Any reduction in feed costs with preserved health status of fish is bound to have a direct positive effect on the profitability of aquaculture production 5-7. Increasing feed efficiency, especially by improving the metabolic assimilation of dietary nutrients, is of the highest priority in contemporary animal production. The use of protein sources of plant origin as FM replacement in fish feed is a growing trend in the aquaculture industry. In this context, among commercially available plant protein alternatives, de-hulled and extracted SBM has one of the best amino acid balances 8 , except for the low level of methionine 9. It is widely available at competitive prices 3 , and is therefore one of the main dietary protein alternatives to FM in the feed of aquacultured species 10-13. Potential problems in soybean feeding exist due to the existence of antinutritional factors, which can cause malnutrition and lower p...

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“…), replacement of FM with blends of plant proteins, including those that incorporate high levels of soy protein concentrate, have been reported to cause dysbiosis and influence the intestinal transcriptome of Atlantic salmon [68]. Indeed, it is well established that when fed diets containing legumes, salmon can develop enteropathy, especially in the distal intestine [27,69]. This condition is characterized by changes in the dimensions of intestinal folds, reductions in enterocytic absorptive vacuoles, and infiltration of various inflammatory cells into the lamina propria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This diminished growth has been attributed to several factors, including imbalances in dietary essential (EAA) and dispensable (DAA) amino acids, the presence of indigestible starch/fiber, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and decreased feed palatability [24,25]. Similarly, while many studies have determined that Atlantic salmon can be raised using vegetable oils, disproportionate dietary levels can change gut architecture, its microbiome and gene expression, as well as impair barrier functions and absorptive processes while reducing overall vigor and growth [26][27][28][29][30]. Accordingly, while there exists an ever-growing collec-tion of alternative proteins and oils, each has its own nutritional characteristics, technical characteristics, and constraints that may influence their suitability for producing practical salmon feed formulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Krill Meal on the Performance of Post-Smolt Atlantic Salmon That Are Fed Plant-Based and Animal-Based Fishmeal and Fish Oil-Free Diets

Barrows,

Campbell,

Gaylord

et al. 2023

Fishes

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The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of krill meal (KM) inclusion at various levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%) in plant-based and animal-based feeds, that were fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) free, on Atlantic salmon growth. A FM/FO feed containing 0% KM was the control. Using a 2 × 3 factorial approach, diets were randomly assigned to one of 28 0.5 m3 flow-through tanks (n = 4 tanks per diet) initially stocked with 60 fish (148.4 ± 12.9 g; 23.6 ± 0.8 cm; condition factor (K) = 1.16 ± 0.08) each. Salmon were fed for 90 days using automatic feeders ad libitum. On day 45, stocking densities were reduced to 45 fish per tank by the random removal of 15 individuals to remove any potential of density affecting growth through the trial end. Water temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, and salinity throughout the trial were 11.8 °C, 103.5%, 7.38, and 32.0 g L−1, respectively. Fish fed plant-based feed without KM were lighter (p < 0.05) than all other groups at day 45 and 90, but those fed a plant-based feed with KM had comparable growth and feed intake compared to that of fish fed the control diet. Irrespective of the presence of KM, animal-based feeds achieved comparable weight growth (p > 0.05) to the control and 5% KM plant-based groups, with KM increasing feed intake (p < 0.05). Between day 45 and 90, feed conversion ratios increased in all groups except the control and 0% KM plant-based group, while specific growth rates (SGRs) decreased for all except the 0% KM plant-based diet. Between-group differences (p < 0.05) were also noted for the thermal growth coefficient. No differences were recorded in visceral or intestinal weight, and whole-body lipid levels were identical, proportional for all groups. Although differences (p < 0.05) were apparent in the concentrations of individual fillet fatty acids between groups, a 75 g serving size of any treatment would be sufficient to exceed daily intake recommendations for EPA + DHA. This trial determined that benefit, in terms of feed intake and growth performance, was gained when KM was added to plant-based feeds. However, no such advantage was observed when KM was used with animal-based feeds.

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Dietary Effect of Soybean (Glycine max) Products on Gut Histology and Microbiota of Fish

Cited by 13 publications

References 72 publications

Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer’s yeast

Influence of Krill Meal on the Performance of Post-Smolt Atlantic Salmon That Are Fed Plant-Based and Animal-Based Fishmeal and Fish Oil-Free Diets

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