Dietary Choline-Enhanced Skin Immune Response of Juvenile Grass Carp Might Be Related to the STAT3 and NF-kB Signaling Pathway (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Abstract

To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of dietary choline on immune function in the skin of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), fish were fed different diets containing different levels of choline (142. 2, 407.4, 821.6, 1215.8, 1589.3, and 1996.6 mg/kg) for 70 d and then sampled after a 6-d challenge test. The results exhibited that dietary choline (1) advanced the contents of phosphatidylcholine (PC), betaine, and choline in grass carp skin (P < 0.05) and upregulated the mRNA abundance of choline transporter high-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1), choline transporter-like protein 1 (CTL1), and choline transporter-like protein 5 (CTL5), indicating that dietary choline could increase the contents of choline which might be connected with choline transporters in the grass carp skin; (2) receded skin rot symptom after infection with A. hydrophila (Aeromonas hydrophila), increased the levels of IgM, C4, and C3 and the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme (LZ), raised mucin2, β-defensin, hepcidin, and LEAP-2B mRNA abundance (rather than LEAP-2A), downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA abundance (IFN-γ2, IL-15, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12P40, and IL-1β) in skin of juvenile grass carp (P < 0.05), and upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA abundance (IL-10, IL-4/13A, TGF-β1, IL-11, and IL-4/13B) in grass carp skin (P < 0.05), demonstrating that choline enhanced the skin immune function; and (3) downregulated the mRNA abundance of IKKγ, NF-κBp52, IKKβ, c-Rel, NF-κBp65, STAT3b2, STAT3b1, JAK1, and JAK2 as well as protein level of NF-κBp65, p-STAT3 Tyr705, and p-STAT3 Ser727 in nucleus and inhibited the mRNA and protein level of IkBα (P < 0.05), indicating that choline-enhanced immune function might be relevant to the JAK1, 2 /STAT3, and NF-κB signaling pathway in fish skin. In conclusion, choline enhanced the skin immune function which might be related to JAK1, 2/STAT3, and NF-κB signaling molecules in fish. Furthermore, based on immune indices of grass carp (9.28–108.97 g) skin (C3 and IgM contents as well as ACP activities), the choline requirements were estimated to be 1475.81, 1364.24, and 1574.37 mg/kg diet, respectively.

Investigation on the immunotoxicity induced by Emamectin benzoate on THP‐1 macrophages based on metabolomics analysis

“…It has been demonstrated that choline exerted antiinflammatory effect in asthma patients. 30 Choline could also enhance the skin immune function in fish, 31 as well as improve the functionality of the immune system in dairy cows. 32 Thus, the declining of choline exposed to EMB was relevant to the impairment of immune function, which is the nearly coincide with the EMB-induced immunotoxicity results.…”

Mechanism study of tyrosine phosphatase shp-1 in inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the SHP2/GM-CSF pathway in TAMs

“…CD206 and Arginase-I are markers of macrophage polarization 24 , 25 . Previous studies have shown that STAT can inhibit nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) expression through the CD206/Arginase-I/IL-4/IL-10 signaling pathway 26 – 29 . Importantly, the activation of the NFκB-dependent inflammatory signaling pathway drives SHP2 gene expression 30 .…”

Clinical characterization of a hypersensitivity mixed bacterial and fungal dermatitis in a translational model of porcine NASH

“…Dietary methionine has been linked to direct dermatologic impact, with methionine supplementation linked to improved coat and skin characteristics and reduction of allergic dermatitis in domestic animals ( Zhang et al., 2013 ). While choline’s role in the skin is less-well established, dietary enrichment with choline is associated with enhanced skin immune function and recession of skin lesions ( Yuan et al., 2021 ). Given the functions of these key amino acids, the provision of a methionine- and choline-deficient diet could play a critical role in alteration of the structural and immunologic role of the skin, predisposing to the dermatologic lesions present in these animals.…”