Dietary Carotenoid Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Vietnam

Abstract

The incidence of prostate cancer has increased in Vietnam, but there have been few studies of the risk factors associated with this change. This retrospective case-control study investigated the relation of the intake of carotenoids and their food sources to prostate cancer risk. A sample of 652 participants (244 incident prostate cancer patients, aged 64–75 years, and 408 age frequency-matched controls) were recruited in Ho Chi Minh City during 2013–2015. The habitual diet was ascertained with a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and other factors including demographic and lifestyle characteristics were assessed via face-to-face interviews by trained nurses. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. The risk of prostate cancer decreased with increasing intakes of lycopene, tomatoes, and carrots; the respective ORs (95% CIs) were 0.46 (0.27, 0.77), 0.39 (0.23, 0.66), and 0.35 (0.21, 0.58), when comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of intake (p for trend < 0.01). No statistically significant associations were found for the intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and major food sources of carotenoids. In conclusion, Vietnamese men with a higher intake of lycopene, tomatoes, and carrots may have a lower risk of prostate cancer. However, large prospective studies are needed in this population to confirm this finding.

Comparison of lycopene changes between open‐field processing and fresh market tomatoes during ripening and post‐harvest storage by using a non‐destructive reflectance sensor

“…Lycopene is extremely effective in the fight against the radical of nitric oxide, responsible for damaging lymphocytes . Many studies have indicated that lycopene activity decreases the risk and occurrence of certain diseases for example cardiovascular (by the reduction of lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of low‐density lipoproteins) or epithelial cancers including prostate cancer . Although the relationship between lycopene intake and risk of prostate cancer is controversial …”

“…4 Many studies have indicated that lycopene activity decreases the risk and occurrence of certain diseases for example cardiovascular (by the reduction of lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins) or epithelial cancers including prostate cancer. 5 Although the relationship between lycopene intake and risk of prostate cancer is controversial. 6 Lycopene synthesis begins by the means of the condensation of two digeranyl diphosphate molecules in the presence of phytoene synthase that results in phytoene forming.…”

An Overview of Carotenoids, Apocarotenoids, and Vitamin A in Agro‐Food, Nutrition, Health, and Disease

“…During the past 40 years, there have been numerous and varied studies showing that carotenoids and their derivatives may contribute beneficially to health and reduced the risk for a number of diseases. In the classic carotenoid literature as well as more recent revisions of the original works, carotenoids have been associated with possible benefits to immunity and diseases, including several types of cancers (prostate, breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal), cardiovascular disease, bone, skin, or eye disorders …”

“…In the classic carotenoid literature as well as more recent revisions of the original works, carotenoids have been associated with possible benefits to immunity and diseases, including several types of cancers (prostate, breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal), cardiovascular disease, bone, skin, or eye disorders. [60][61][62][63][64] Long-term supplementation (18 years on average) with 50 mg of β-carotene every other day has also been shown to provide cognitive benefits to an overall apparently healthy population (n = 4052 men, Physicians' Health Study II). [65] The role of lutein and other carotenoids in mental health and cognitive performance is also attracting much attention, [66][67][68][69] as is the role of carotenoids and their derivatives in diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other related metabolic disorders.…”

Dietary Nutrient Patterns and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study from Iran

“…Several studies have reported a negative association between intake of carotenoids and risk of PC (Antwi et al, 2016;Van Hoang et al, 2018). Epidemiological studies demonstrated that consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in lutein are inversely related to incidence of prostate cancer ( anticancer effects of lutein could be due to the function of lutein as an antioxidant, a chemo preventative agent or a regulator of apoptosis, angiogenesis and gap junctional intercellular communication (Ribaya-Mercado and Blumberg, 2004).…”