Dietary ascorbic acid requirement for the optimum growth performances and normal skeletal development in juvenile hybrid grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus

Effects of dietary L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate on growth performance, haematological parameters, biochemical characteristics, and skeletal features of juvenile hybrid grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂E. lanceolatus)

“…The lower FI in fish fed C0 could be caused by the poor health condition and inability of fish to participate during the feeding session. Similarly, the state of fish in the present study (lethargy and lying prostrate on the bottom of tanks) were also observed in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Wang et al, 2013) and hybrid grouper observed in our previous study (Ebi et al, 2018) when fed VC‐deficient diet. VC supplementation acts as a growth promoter and improves the feed utilization in many fish species (Dawood & Koshio, 2016).…”

“…Therefore, supplementation of 18 mg/kg diet of VC could be sufficient to support the growth and survival of juvenile hybrid groupers. The required VC value in this experiment is so much lower as compared to the previous study conducted on the same fish species which was 156 mg/kg diet and using L‐ascorbic acid as the source of VC (Ebi et al, 2018). Similarly, a series of studies conducted by Lin and Shiau (2004, 2005a, 2005b) incorporating multiple types of VC found that malabar grouper, E .…”

“…Based on the reported data, the requirement of VC in fish is not only species‐specific but also varies depending on the form of VC supplement in the diet. In hybrid grouper, the only data available on the VC requirement is a study conducted using ascorbic acid as the VC source (Ebi et al, 2018). Since phosphate derivatives of VC are high in bioactivity and relatively stable during the processing of fish feed compared to free ascorbic acid (Lovell & Lim, 1978; Sandnes & Waagbø, 1991), L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (C2PP) was used as a supplement in this study.…”

Advances in practical feed formulation and adoption for hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) aquaculture

“…47 to 156 mg/kg vitamin C 79. Different forms of vitamin C have Published dietary mineral recommendations for feeds for grouper species…”

The addition of Daphnia magna and Ascorbic Acid to Angelfish Feed to Improve Its Growth and Immune Response (Pterophyllum scalare)

“…The ascorbic acid is needed in a small amount yet must be provided because of the nutrition impacts on fish immune response and helps to inhibit disease infection (Abdolbaghian et al, 2010). Ascorbic acid is one of the essential components needed by the fish in optimal dose which depends on the type and age of the fish (Ebi et al, 2018).…”