Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study

Gong, Yun; Cardwell, KF; Hounsa, Assomption; Egal, S; Turner, PC; Hall, A. J.; Wild, C.

doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7354.20

Cited by 423 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The averaged adduct level is actually higher than the levels found in children from Kikelelwa, Tanzania (0.78 pg mg −1 albumin after conversion by division of 4.6) (Shirima et al 2013;Yard et al 2013). However, the adduct level is still lower than averaged levels found from neighbouring countries, such as Kenya and Tanzania, and West African countries, such as Ghana, Gambia, Benin and Togo (Gong et al 2002(Gong et al , 2012Ofori-Adjei 2012;Shirima et al 2013). This may be again due to different diet patterns in study participants or different AF exposure levels, or the degradation of AFB-Lys adducts in our serum samples analysed.…”

Section: Round (Year)mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Chronic exposure to low levels of AFB 1 is a risk factor in the aetiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in several regions of Africa and Southeast Asia, particularly in conjunction with hepatitis B virus infection (IARC 1993(IARC , 2002Wild & Hall 2000;Wogan et al 2012). Importantly, AFB 1 has also been shown to be an anti-nutritional agent that reduces concentrations of vitamins and proteins in animals and humans (Gong et al 2002;Williams et al 2004;Wild 2007;Tang et al 2009). Further, it is a potent immunotoxic agent in animals and also changes T-cell phenotypes in humans, which may aggravate the burden of infectious diseases in the developing world (Williams et al 2004;Jiang et al 2005;Wild 2007).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Arti Clementioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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akes every effort t o ensure t he accuracy of all t he inform at ion ( t he " Cont ent " ) cont ained in t he publicat ions on our plat form . However, Taylor & Francis, our agent s, and our licensors m ake no represent at ions or warrant ies what soever as t o t he accuracy, com plet eness, or suit abilit y for any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any opinions and views expressed in t his publicat ion are t he opinions and views of t he aut hors, and are not t he views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of t he Cont ent should not be relied upon and should be independent ly verified wit h prim ary sources of inform at ion. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, act ions, claim s, proceedings, dem ands, cost s, expenses, dam ages, and ot her liabilit ies what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly in connect ion wit h, in relat ion t o or arising out of t he use of t he Cont ent . This art icle m ay be used for research, t eaching, and privat e st udy purposes. Any subst ant ial or syst em at ic reproduct ion, redist ribut ion, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, syst em at ic supply, or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden. Term s & Condit ions of access and use can be found at ht t p: / / www.t andfonline.com / page/ t erm s-and-condit ions Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB 1 -lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-168 pg mg −1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg −1 albumin (range = 0.40-122.5 pg mg −1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non...

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Section: Round (Year)mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Please Scroll Down For Arti Clementioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Kang

Nkurunziza

Muwanika

et al. 2015

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…Growth faltering and intestinal damage in this region are apparent following the introduction of weaning foods and independently strong associations between aflatoxin and growth faltering, as described above (48,49,52) and elsewhere (122,123) , have been revealed. Human aflatoxin exposure is primarily through dietary contamination and, given the requisite metabolism to form the reactive epoxide, the intestine is a primary target for aflatoxin-induced damage.…”

Section: Aflatoxin and Gastrointestinal Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A cross-sectional survey of children aged 9 -60 months from Benin revealed a 99 % positive rate (mean adduct level 33 pg/mg; range non-detectable -1064 pg/mg); geometric mean aflatoxin biomarker levels were twice the level in 1-and 2-year-olds compared with children , 1 year old, and twice as high again in 2-and 3-yearolds (48) . No significant increases were apparent in older children up to 5 years old.…”

Section: Aflatoxin -Albumin Exposure Patterns In Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

et al. 2012

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M 1 , aflatoxin -N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin -albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.

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Origins of the Organic Agriculture Debate

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Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study

Cited by 423 publications

References 5 publications

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda

The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

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