“…In aquaculture, both probiotics and prebiotics are used to improve aquatic animal growth, feed utilization, tissue histomorphology, disease resistance, immune response, and animal welfare. In crustaceans, prebiotics have been reported to modulate digestive enzymes, improve digestibility, growth performance, feed efficiency, enhance survival, and resistance to pathogens, and improve intestinal bacterial load and water quality of different shrimp species; whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Luis-Villasenor et al, 2013;Nimrat et al, 2021;Mirbakhsh et al, 2022), giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (Karthik et al, 2014;Kolanchinathan et al, 2022), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) (Mohamad et al, 2020), and fleshy prawn (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) (Chai et al, 2016). Similarly, many authors have also shown the beneficial effect of GOS on different shrimp (Huynh et al, 2018;Fu et al, 2019) and crayfish species (Nedaei et al, 2019).…”