Dietary accumulation of C12‐ and C16‐chlorinated alkanes by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Fisk, Aaron T.; Bergman, Åke; Cymbalisty, Chris D.; Muir, Derek C. G.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620151019

Cited by 42 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, the same study reported relatively high levels in terrestrial herbivores. Half-lives of PCAs in fish are also generally shorter than those for PCBs, toxaphene, and chlordane components when studied under identical conditions [80,81]. There is a need for studies of the biomagnification of PCAs in aquatic and terrestrial food webs in order to understand pathways of exposure and the importance of carbon chain length and Cl content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Chlorinated Paraffins

Muir

Stern

Tomy

2000

Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds Part K

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Chlorinated paraffins or polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs) consist of C 10 to C 30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30 to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This chapter reviews the existing data on the production, uses, reactions, methods of quantitative analysis, and levels of PCAs, and includes an assessment of environmental distribution using a steady state non-equilibrium fugacity-based chemical fate models. Short chain PCAs (C 10 to C 13 with 60-70% chlorine) have similar molecular weight and physical properties (octanolwater partition coefficient, water solubility, vapor pressure) to many persistent organochlorines such as PCBs and toxaphene. Medium chain (C 14 to C 17 ) and long chain (C 18 to C 30 ) PCAs are extremely hydrophobic and nonvolatile and likely to be associated with particles in aquatic systems. The limited biodegradation data suggests that PCAs are less persistent in water, sediments, or biota than other organochlorines. To date there is limited information on the distribution and fate of PCAs in the environment. There have been recent advances in the analysis of C 10 to C 13 PCAs using high resolution negative ion mass spectrometry. Interlab comparisons have shown that both high resolution and low resolution negative ion mass spectrometry can be employed to determine PCAs in environmental samples, although agreement between laboratories is poor compared with the determination quantitation of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/l levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet weight) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited at the present time in the USA and Canada and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Application of the Equilibrium Criterion Model, Level III (steady state, nonequilibrium) to representative short (C 12 H 20 Cl 6 ) and medium chain PCAs, (C 16 H 24 Cl 10 ) using the best available physical-chemical property data and estimated degradation rates, showed that that medium chain compound C 16 H 24 Cl 10 would achieve higher concentrations in sediment and soil than the short chain C 12 H 20 Cl 6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Volatilization from water to air of both compounds was predicted by the model suggesting the possibility of long range transport via atmosphere and oceans. The environmental residence time of C 16 H 24 Cl 10 is estimated to be 350 days compared to 170 days for C 12 H 20 Cl 6 . Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data is needed to evaluate exposure to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe. Keywords. Chlorinated paraffins, Polychlorinated n-alkanes, IntroductionAs their name implies, chlorinated paraffins are chlorinated derivatives of paraffinic...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Chlorinated Paraffins

Muir

Stern

Tomy

2000

Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds Part K

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“…). SCCPs appear to be persistent in the environment and have the potential to strongly accumulate in biota (Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, 2010;Fisk et al, 1996Fisk et al, , 1998Houde et al, 2008;Iozza et al, 2008). The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classed SCCPs as group 2B compounds (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1990), and SCCPs are also classified as Carc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China

et al. 2015

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants. It has been found that dietary intakes of SCCPs in China have recently increased and are now higher than in Japan and Korea. The contribution of cooking oil to dietary exposure to SCCPs in China was evaluated by analyzing SCCPs in cooking oil, raw seeds used to produce cooking oil, and fried confectionery products collected in China in 2010 and 2012. Detectable amounts of SCCP homologs were found in 48 out of the 49 cooking oil samples analyzed, and the SCCP concentrations varied widely, from <9 to 7500 ng g(-1). Estimated dietary intakes of total SCCPs in cooking oil ranged from <0.78 to 38 μg d(-1). The estimated dietary intake of SCCPs was relatively high (mean 14.8 μg d(-1)) for residents of Beijing. Fried confectionery was found to contain SCCP concentrations of 11-1000 ng g(-1). Cooking oil might therefore be one of the sources of SCCPs to Chinese diets. SCCPs were also detected in raw seeds used to produce cooking oil, but the concentrations varied widely. The SCCP homolog patterns in the raw seed and cooking oil samples were different, implying that the seeds used to produce the oil (and therefore the soil on which the seeds were produced) were unlikely to be the sources of SCCPs in cooking oil. Further investigations are needed to determine the routes through which cooking oil becomes contaminated with SCCPs during the production and processing of the oil.

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“…Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, C 10 -C 13 ) can affect the liver, thyroid hormone system, and kidneys, e.g., by inducing hepatic enzymes and hyperactivity in the thyroid, which can lead to both acute and chronic toxic effects with long-term exposure (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/6, 2012). Because of their potential for environmental persistence (Iozza et al, 2008), toxicity (Geng et al, 2015), bioaccumulation (Fisk et al, 1996;Houde et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2014b;Zeng et al, 2011b) and long-range atmospheric transport (Ma et al, 2014c;Vulykh et al, 2007), SCCPs have received widespread public attention. SCCPs were even included in Annex E of the Stockholm Convention by the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Review Committee as a POP candidate in 2008 (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/ 20, 2008) since these properties are quite similar to those of legacy POPs (Poremski et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island, Antarctica

Zhang

et al. 2016

Environment International

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Dietary accumulation of C₁₂‐ and C₁₆‐chlorinated alkanes by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cited by 42 publications

References 33 publications

Chlorinated Paraffins

Chlorinated Paraffins

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on the Fildes Peninsula at King George Island, Antarctica

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