Diet of Animals in Captivity1

Hediger, H.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01688.x

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These findings are similar to those found in Mongolia, the reproduction rate of released Przewalski’s horses was higher in June and July from 2002 to 2005 [9,10,11]. The reproduction of wildlife can be influenced by temperature, humidity, illumination and other environmental factors [6, 8]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China

Chen

Wang

Chao³

et al. 2008

JES

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In China, the first Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii) group was released in Kalamaili Ungulate Protected Area in Xinjiang, in August 2001. The objective of this study was to investigate reproduction and development of released Przewalski’s horses in Xinjiang, China from 2002 to 2006. Twenty-four descendants were naturally born, average reproduction rate was 38.7%, and average survival rate of foals was 69.1% in this interim. Frequent alternation of the leading stallion and infertility in female horses due to environmental factors were main causes for the low reproduction rate. The infant mortality rate of released Przewalski’s horses was 25.0%, and 83.3% of death in infants was due to the leading stallion infanticide. The released Przewalski’s horses exhibited seasonal breeding, 70.8% of infants were born in May and June. The fertility rates were 8.3% in April and 37.5% in May, which were lower compared to those of the captive Przewalski’s horse groups (18.3% and 44.3%, respectively). Furthermore, the fertility rate in June was 33.3% and higher than the captive groups (18.3%). These findings showed that the breeding peak of the released Przewalski’s horse groups was later than the captive groups, and suggested that the altered survival environment and food supplies were the main reasons contributing to the delayed breeding peak.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China

Chen

Wang

Chao³

et al. 2008

JES

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“…We have already discussed the role of size of enclosure in relation to stereotypic response of tiger. Being a wide-ranging species, the spatial constraints in captivity have increased its pacing significantly [ 56 ], and, as a consequence, stress level was elevated in captivity [ 57 , 101 ]. [ 102 ] also observed elevated faecal corticosterone when Tigrina ( Leopardus tigrinus ) and Margay ( Leopardus wiedii ) were in smaller enclosures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and determinants of stereotypic behaviours and physiological stress among tigers and leopards in Indian zoos

Vaz¹,

Narayan

Kumar

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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India’s charismatic wildlife species are facing immense pressure from anthropogenic-induced environmental perturbations. Zoos play a major role in the conservation of threatened species, but their adaptation in captivity is posing a major challenge globally. Stress from inadequate adaptation could lead to suppression of cognitive functioning and increased display of stereotypic behaviour. It is thus necessary to measure biological traits like behaviour, stress physiology, and contextual factors driving the animals maintained at zoos. In this study, we assessed stereotypic behaviour and stress physiology employing standard behaviour scoring, non-invasive stress monitoring, and their contextual drivers in a sub-population of two large felid species managed in six Indian zoos. The prevalence and intensity of stereotypic behaviours and levels of faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) were ascertained among 41 Royal Bengal tigers Panthera tigris tigris and 21 Indian leopards Panthera pardus fusca between April 2014 and March 2015. Behavioural observations showed that tigers spent more time stereotyping (12%) than leopards (7%) during daylight hours. Stress levels assessed using FCM revealed that tigers (23.6 ± 1.62 ng/g) had marginally lower level of corticosterone metabolites than leopards (27.2 ±1.36 ng/g). Stereotypic behaviour increased significantly with FCM level when the effect of heath status was controlled in tigers, and the effects tree cover, stone, den and keeper attitude controlled in leopards. Comparison of stereotypes of tigers with various biological and environmental factors using binary logistic regression revealed that stereotypic prevalence decreased with increased enclosure size, and enclosure enrichments like presence of pools and stones, when managed socially with conspecifics, and with positive keeper attitude, these factors accounting for 43% of variations in stereotypic prevalence among tigers. Stereotype among leopards was significantly absent when associated with increased tree cover and presence of pool, and den in the enclosure, age and among zoo-born than wild-born ones. These factors explain 81% of variations in stereotypic prevalence in them. A comparison of FCM levels with context-dependent factors revealed that stress levels among tigers decreased significantly with enclosure size and with individuals from nil to low, and severity of health issues. These factors explain 64% of variations in FCM levels. In leopards, the presence of stones in the enclosure and keepers with positive attitude resulted in significant decrease in FCM levels, these factors together accounting for 94% of variations. Multiple regressions on selected variables based on Factor Analysis of Mixed Data showed that in tigers the intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with enclosure size, sociality and positive keeper attitude and FCM level with health problems. Similarly, analyses in leopards revealed that intensity of stereotype decreased significantly with tree cover, age and FCM level with positive kee...

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“…It is generally recognized that naturalistic, functional behaviors can be promoted in confined animals by increasing the physical complexity of their environments with species-appropriate furnishings, and by adopting methods of feeding that encourage complex feeding behaviors [Hediger, 1950[Hediger, , 1966Morris, 1962Morris, , 1964van Keulen-Kromhout, 1978;Markowitz, 1978;Hancocks, 1980;Forthman Quick, 1984;Hutchins et al, 19841. Much attention has been directed toward the behavioral benefits of enriching the environment of zooand laboratory-housed primates, but the importance of providing environmental stimulation for captive bears has not been adequately recognized.…”

Section: Introduction Nishings Stereotypic Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment for zoo bears

1991

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The high incidence of Stereotypie behaviors in zoo bears (van Keulen-Kromhout: International Zoo Yearbook 18:177-186, 1978) suggests that the environment of these animals lacks essential stimuli for guiding normal behavior. Three experiments investigated ways in which bear husbandry procedures can be altered to promote normal behavior. In experiments 1 and 2, honey-filled logs were given to a sloth (Melursus ursinas), American black (Ursus americanus), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) to determine 1) the role of food in stimulating investigatory behavior, 2) the rate of habituation to manipulable objects introduced into the exhibit, and 3) effects on locomotory behaviors. Results show specific and general habituation to the introduced objects that can be counteracted by refilling the logs with honey and by providing multiple logs in the exhibit. Investigatory activity directed toward honey-logs replaces pacing and walking in the sloth bear and is most effective in doing so when the log is novel. Experiment 3 examined the behavioral effects of feeding an American black bear in three different ways: 1) once daily in the den, 2) once daily with supplemental food from a mechanical feeder, and 3) once daily with food hidden in the exhibit in manipulatable objects. The latter method reduced Stereotypie pacing from a median of 150 min/day to 20 min/day ; the mechanical feeder method had no such effect. The results of a survey of 67 zoos concerning the diet and manner of feeding these three species of bears, as well as Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are presented. Results are discussed with respect to the ways in which husbandry procedures can be improved to stimulate functional foraging and feeding behavior in confined bears.

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Diet of Animals in Captivity1

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China

Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China

Prevalence and determinants of stereotypic behaviours and physiological stress among tigers and leopards in Indian zoos

Environmental enrichment for zoo bears

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