Diet-induced obesity reduces the production of influenza vaccine-induced antibodies via impaired macrophage function

Abstract

Obesity is a metabolic disease characterized by low-level chronic inflammation. Obese individuals are susceptible to infection by viruses, and vaccination against these pathogens is less effective than in nonobese individuals. Here, we sought to explore the immunological environment in a mouse model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). HFD treatment increased the body weight and epididymal fat mass. The proportion of activated B cells, T cells, and macrophages was similar between mice in the HFD group and the regular-fat diet (RFD) group. The Th1 cell subpopulation in the HFD group was increased, whereas the proportion of Treg cells was reduced compared with the RFD group. Moreover, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production did not differ between the groups when cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies in vitro. In macrophages, phagocytic activity was higher in mice fed an HFD than in those fed an RFD, but expression levels of CD86 and MHC class II antigens were similar. When macrophages were cultured in vitro, the proportion of CD86-expressing macrophages was lower in those isolated from mice in the HFD group than in those isolated from the RFD group. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretions were significantly reduced in macrophages isolated from the HFD group. In addition, influenza vaccine-induced antibodies in the HFD group diminished more rapidly than in the RFD group. These results suggest that poor functionality of macrophages during obesity might contribute to a reduction in vaccine efficacy. ; phone: +82-2-2164-4917. Abbreviations: CBV = cell-culture-based vaccine; CFSE = Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; DIO = diet-induced obesity; FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate; HFD = high-fat diet; IL = interleukin; MHC = major histocompatibility; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; NP = nucleoprotein; PBSA = PBS bovine serum albumin; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; RFD = regular-fat diet; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha

High-fat diet-induced obesity affects alpha 7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor expressions in mouse lung myeloid cells

“…The expressions of CD86 were reduced in adipose tissue macrophages in HFD mice, which in turn causes more inflammatory macrophages infiltration 44 . Consistent with previous studies in adipose tissue 41 , 45 , we observed that the expression levels of CD86 in alveolar macrophages were decreased in HFD mice lungs as compared to RCD mice, which might contribute to the enhanced inflammatory status in HFD mice. We observed that LPS challenge decreased CD86 expressions in alveolar macrophages in RCD mice, which is in accordance with previous study 46 .…”

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

“…This deficient antiviral response has been associated with signaling defects in the inflammatory response in mice, leading to high lung inflammation and damage, as well as increased heart inflammation and damage, i.e., increased left ventricular thickness and mass [ 82 ]. A high-fat diet administration in mice has also been associated with an efficacy reduction in influenza vaccine through a reduced antibody response, due to macrophage dysfunction in fatty environments [ 83 , 147 ].…”

Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution

“…The poor vaccine response that is characteristic of the obese host (and is further discussed below) may be partially due to suboptimal macrophage functionality and maturation. Although phagocytosis is increased in peritoneal macrophages isolated from DIO mice, macrophages derived from obese individuals show reduced activation as measured by CD86 expression before and after stimulation ex vivo , impairing their ability to activate effector cells of the immune system (98). This finding is further supported by the increased presence of immature monocytes but equal presence of effector alveolar and interstitial macrophages in BALF collected from DB mice at day 4 p.i (69).…”