Diet-induced milk fat depression: Association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat

Gama, Marco Antônio Sundfeld da; Garnsworthy, P. C.; Griinari, J. M.; Leme, Paulo Roberto; Rodrigues, Paulo Henrique Mazza; Souza, Luiz Waldemar de Oliveira; Lanna, Dante Pazzanese Duarte

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.006

Cited by 69 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In this regard, it has been argued that the considerable impact of the maintenance of milk fat fluidity on milk fat secretion (Shingfield et al, 2006;Gama et al, 2008;Toral et al, 2010b) related to the incorporation of cis-9 18:1 and short-chain FAs (4:0 to 10:0) into triacylglycerides is the principal means of assuring milk fat liquidity at body temperature. Marine lipid inhibition of trans-18:1 ruminal saturation, thereby reducing the availability of 18:0 for endogenous mammary synthesis of oleic acid and simultaneously increasing trans-11 18:1 level (with a higher melting point than its equivalent cis-isomer) could reduce milk fat fluidity in FO treatment and would detrimentally affect milk fat maintenance.…”

Section: Milk Fat Depression (Mfd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of olive and fish oil Ca soaps in ewe diets on milk fat and muscle and subcutaneous tissue fatty-acid profiles of suckling lambs

Gallardo

Gómez‐Cortés

Mantecón

et al. 2014

animal

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Enhancing healthy fatty acids (FAs) in ewe milk fat and suckling lamb tissues is an important objective in terms of improving the nutritional value of these foods for the consumer. The present study examined the effects of feeding-protected lipid supplements rich in unsaturated FAs on the lipid composition of ewe milk, and subsequently in the muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues of lambs suckling such milk. Thirty-six pregnant Churra ewes with their new-born lambs were assigned to one of three experimental diets (forage/concentrate ratio 50 : 50), each supplemented with either 3% Ca soap FAs of palm (Control), olive (OLI) or fish (FO) oil. The lambs were nourished exclusively by suckling for the whole experimental period. When the lambs reached 11 kg BW, they were slaughtered and samples were taken from the Longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous fat depots. Although milk production was not affected by lipid supplementation, the FO diet decreased fat content ( P < 0.001), whereas the OLI milk FA profile resembled that of the Control diet. In contrast, although FO drastically diminished the contents of stearic and oleic acids ( P < 0.001), all the saturated even-numbered carbon FAs from 6:0 to 14:0 increased ( P < 0.05). FO also produced the highest levels of c9,t11-18:2 (2.21%) and n-3 FAs, 20:5 n-3 (0.58%), 22:5 n-3 (0.48%) and 22:6 n-3 (0.40%). The high levels of trans-11 18:1 (7.10%) obtained from the FO diet would suggest that Ca soaps only confer partial protection in the rumen. In contrast, the lack of significant differences in trans-10 18:1 levels ( P > 0.05) and other trans-FAs between Control and FO treatments would indicate that FO treatment does not alter rumen biohydrogenation pathways under the assayed conditions. Changes in dam milk FA composition induced differences in the FA profiles of meat and fat depots of lambs, preferentially incorporated polyunsaturated FAs into the muscle rather than storing them in the adipose tissue. In the intramuscular fat of the FO treatment, all the n-3 FAs reached their highest concentrations: 0.97 (18:3 n-3), 2.72 (20:5 n-3), 2.21 (22:5 n-3) and 1.53% (22:6 n-3). In addition, not only did FO intramuscular fat have the most cis-9, trans-11 18:2 (1.66%) and trans-11 18:1 (3.75%), but also the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio (1.80) and saturated FA content were not affected. Therefore, FO exhibited the best FA profile from a nutritional point of view.

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Section: Milk Fat Depression (Mfd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of olive and fish oil Ca soaps in ewe diets on milk fat and muscle and subcutaneous tissue fatty-acid profiles of suckling lambs

Gallardo

Gómez‐Cortés

Mantecón

et al. 2014

animal

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“…The BH theory provides a basis for explaining most cases of MFD on starch-rich diets or with plant oil in cows via a direct inhibition of mammary lipogenesis by BH intermediates with confirmed or putative antilipogenic effects [trans-10,cis-12 CLA (Baumgard et al, 2000), cis-10,trans-12 CLA (Saebø et al, 2005), and trans-9,cis-11 CLA (Perfield et al, 2007)]. However, these intermediates do not, in isolation, explain MFD in cows or sheep fed diets containing marine oils (Loor et al, 2005;Gama et al, 2008;Toral et al, 2010). Thus, for dietary conditions with marine oil, Shingfield and Griinari (2007) proposed also including the role of changes in the availability of preformed long-chain FA to the mammary gland in the explanation of MFD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, for dietary conditions with marine oil, Shingfield and Griinari (2007) proposed also including the role of changes in the availability of preformed long-chain FA to the mammary gland in the explanation of MFD. This would involve both a shortage of 18:0 for endogenous cis-9 18:1 synthesis in the mammary gland and an increase in the supply of trans FA formed in the rumen, which would increase the milk fat melting point and thereby lower the rate of fat removal in mammary epithelial cells (Loor et al, 2005;Gama et al, 2008). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of mammary lipid metabolism in dairy cows and goats fed diets supplemented with starch, plant oil, or fish oil

Bernard

Toral

Chilliard

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

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A direct comparison of cow and goat performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to diets known to induce milk fat depression in the bovine has suggested interspecies differences in rumen and mammary lipid metabolism. Thus, this study was conducted to infer some potential mechanisms responsible for the differences in mammary lipogenesis due to diet and ruminant species. To meet this objective, 12 cows and 15 goats were fed a basal diet (control), a similar diet supplemented with 2.2% fish oil (FO), or a diet containing 5.3% sunflower oil and additional starch (+38%; SOS) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 26-d experimental periods. Milk yield, milk composition, FA profile, and FA secretion were measured. On the last day of each period, the mRNA abundance of 19 key genes in mammary metabolism or the enzyme activity or both were measured in mammary tissue sampled by biopsy or at slaughter or both. The results show significant differences in the response of cows and goats to the dietary treatments. In cows, milk fat content and yield were lowered by FO and SOS (−31%), whereas only FO decreased milk fat content in goats (−21%) compared with the control. In cows and to a lesser extent in goats, FO and SOS decreased the secretion of C16 FA output (mmol/kg of BW). However, SOS increased the secretion of >C16 FA in goats. These changes in milk fat content and FA secretion were not associated with modifications in mammary expression or the activity of 19 proteins involved in the major lipogenic pathways. This absence of variation may be attributable to posttranscriptional regulation for these genes or related to the time of sampling of the mammary tissue relative to the previous meal and milking. Otherwise, the abundances of 15 mRNA among the 19 encoding for genes involved in lipid metabolism in the mammary gland were different among species, with 9 more abundant in cows (FASN, FADS1, SCD1, GPD1, LALBA, SREBF1, LXRA, PPARA, and PPARG1) and 6 more abundant in goats (G6PD, GPAM, SCD5, XDH, CSN2, and SP1). Similarly, a significant effect of the species was observed in the 4 enzyme activities measured; glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were higher in cows, and FA synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were higher in goats. In conclusion, the differences between cow and goat performance and milk FA responses to the FO and SOS treatments were not related to changes in the measured mammary lipogenic gene expression. Furthermore, the data provide evidence that the major mammary lipogenic pathways differ between the caprine and the bovine, whose biological significance remains to be unraveled.

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“…Bauman & Griinari (2001) found that the decrease in milk fat content when overfeeding fat is generally attributed to altered rumen function, fat biohydrogenation and ruminal formation of trans-10 C18:1 fatty acids. Gama et al (2008) pointed out that an increased supply of trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid over other fatty acids to the udder was responsible for milk fat depression in dairy cows. This fatty acid has been recognized as a possible inhibitor of milk fat synthesis, decreasing the activity of lipogenic enzymes in the mammary gland (Baumgard et al, 2002).…”

Section: Effect Of Energy Sources On Milk Yield and Milk Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows: A review

2018

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This review discusses the effects of starch and fat before and after calving on metabolism, energy balance (EB), milk production, and reproduction in dairy cows. The shift in dairy cows from a pregnant nonlactating state to a non-pregnant lactating state induces physiological changes, which affect the metabolic and endocrinal axes to redirect body energy stores towards the mammary gland for milk production. Overfeeding high starch and fat levels during the dry period after calving may result in cows failing to adapt to the negative energy balance (NEB) because of major liver and rumen dysfunction. Alternatively, keeping dry cows on high-forage/low-energy diets adjusts dry matter intake (DMI) to optimize the rumen function and decrease the severity of the NEB during transition. These periparturient biological improvements in dairy cows showed real benefits such as fewer postpartum health complications (e.g. milk fever, ketosis, mastitis, metritis), decreased body condition loss and improved reproductive axis in the subsequent lactation. Adding dietary starch and/or fat to diets of dairy cows following parturition increased milk yield. In addition, milk protein of dairy cows increased with glucogenic diets, but decreased with lipogenic diets. Inversely, milk fat usually increases after feeding lipogenic diets, but it decreases when feeding glucogenic diets to dairy cows. Glucogenic and lipogenic nutrients can affect the cow's metabolism and its EB status positively, as is evidenced by plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, amino acids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), gonadotropin hormones, and progesterone (P 4 ) levels. These metabolites (NEFA, BHB, glucose, amino acids) and hormones (insulin, IGF-I, GH, P 4 ) have been shown to affect folliculogenesis, ovulation, conception, and pregnancy success. Feeding a starchbased diet to dairy cows can lead to acidosis and increase glucose and insulin levels, while decreasing NEFA and BHB levels. Furthermore, an insulinogenic diet favours an early resumption of ovarian activity, but has adverse effects on the quality of oocytes. In contrast, keeping dairy cows on a fat-based diet elevates NEFA and BHB levels and decreases glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, a lipogenic diet increases the plasma P 4 levels and improves the quality of oocytes. These evidences suggest that reproductive performances in dairy cows can be enhanced by feeding an insulinogenic diet until the resumption of the ovarian cycle then switching to a lipogenic diet from mating period onwards. Since long-term field studies on fertility are limited and the reproduction process in dairy cows is multi-factorial, further research is needed on the pre-and postpartum effects of starch and/or fat as well as their combinations on reproduction axis and thus to draw conclusions on reproductive performances.

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Diet-induced milk fat depression: Association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat

Cited by 69 publications

References 35 publications

Effects of olive and fish oil Ca soaps in ewe diets on milk fat and muscle and subcutaneous tissue fatty-acid profiles of suckling lambs

Effects of olive and fish oil Ca soaps in ewe diets on milk fat and muscle and subcutaneous tissue fatty-acid profiles of suckling lambs

Comparison of mammary lipid metabolism in dairy cows and goats fed diets supplemented with starch, plant oil, or fish oil

Pre- and postpartum effects of starch and fat in dairy cows: A review

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