Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review

Wilson, Annette; Koller, Kathryn R.; Ramaboli, Matsepo C.; Nesengani, Lucky T.; Ocvirk, Soeren; Chen, Caixia; Flanagan, Christie A.; Sapp, Flora; Merritt, Zoe T; Bhatti, Faheem; Thomas, Timothy K.; O’Keefe, Stephen J.

doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06112-w

Cited by 238 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…This may prevent bacteria from degrading this important barrier, through which allergens and other microbes could otherwise infiltrate the human host [ 87 ]. For further interactions between the gut microbiota, diet, and health-related aspects, the reader is referred to more comprehensive reviews [ 184 , 185 ].…”

Section: Dietary Constituents As Key Factors Of a Strong Immune Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

et al. 2020

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The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.

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Section: Dietary Constituents As Key Factors Of a Strong Immune Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

et al. 2020

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“…This ecosystem of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and unicellular eukaryotes is mostly stable in the long run, but transiently they may be affected by many factors ( Schlomann and Parthasarathy, 2019 ). Among the wide range of factors that influence the composition of the gut microbiota, diet seems to be the most potent ( Wilson et al, 2020 ). Although the effect of sex appears to be less influential, some studies highlight sex-based differences in the gut microbiome ( Markle et al, 2013 ; Haro et al, 2016 ; Org et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome Alters the Activity of Liver Cytochromes P450 in Mice With Sex-Dependent Differences

et al. 2020

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Sexual differences and the composition/function of the gut microbiome are not considered the most important players in the drug metabolism field; however, from the recent data it is obvious that they may significantly affect the response of the patient to therapy. Here, we evaluated the effect of microbial colonization and sex differences on mRNA expression and the enzymatic activity of hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs) in germ-free (GF) mice, lacking the intestinal flora, and control specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. We observed a significant increase in the expression of Cyp3a11 in female SPF mice compared to the male group. However, the sex differences were erased in GF mice, and the expression of Cyp3a11 was about the same in both sexes. We have also found higher Cyp2c38 gene expression in female mice compared to male mice in both the SPF and GF groups. Moreover, these changes were confirmed at the level of enzymatic activity, where the female mice exhibit higher levels of functional CYP2C than males in both groups. Interestingly, we observed the same trend as with CYP3A enzymes: a diminished difference between the sexes in GF mice. The presented data indicate that the mouse gut microbiome plays an important role in sustaining sexual dimorphism in terms of hepatic gene expression and metabolism.

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“…36 Urbanization in western countries was associated with changes in the gut microbiome and with intestinal diversity reduction. 35,[37][38][39][40] Westernized food in Japan led to changes in the microbiome and in insulin resistance. 41 The gut microbiome of westernized urban Saudis had a lower biodiversity than that of the traditional Bedouin population.…”

Section: 2831-33mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Westernized diets contain a reduced amount of fermented vegetables 40,130 and may be prone to increasing insulin resistance 41,131 and diseases associated with it, 132 and thereby severe COVID-19.…”

Section: -2-westernized Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cabbage and fermented vegetables: from death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Bousquet

Antó

Czarlewski³

et al. 2020

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Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage were associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-Cov-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance, lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block the AT1R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.

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Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review

Cited by 238 publications

References 83 publications

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

Gut Microbiome Alters the Activity of Liver Cytochromes P450 in Mice With Sex-Dependent Differences

Cabbage and fermented vegetables: from death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

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