Diet and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

Abstract

Gut microbiota plays an important role in host health maintenance and disease pathogenesis. The development of a stable and diverse gut microbiota is essential to various host physiologic functions such as immunoregulation, pathogen prevention, energy harvest, and metabolism. At the same time, a dysbiotic gut microbiota associated with disease is altered in structure and function, and often characterized by a decrease in species richness and proliferation of pathogenic bacterial taxa. As a shared substrate between the host and the gut microbiota, diet significantly impacts the health and disease states of the host both directly and through gut microbial metabolite production. This is demonstrated in the examples of short-chain fatty acid and trimethylamine production via bacterial metabolism of dietary complex carbohydrates and choline, respectively. In disorders related to mucosal immune dysregulation such as inflammatory bowel disease, the dysbiotic gut microbiota and diet contribute to its pathogenesis. Reversal of dysbiosis through fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary interventions may thus represent important strategies to modify the gut microbiota and its metabolite production for health maintenance as well as disease prevention and management.

Human gut microbiota, nutrition and health

“…已有证据发现, 在不同 生物体液中次级胆酸浓度的增高与诸如结肠癌等疾 病相关 [40] . 实验也发现, 胆盐水解酶活性是所有主 要菌群的特征, 而调节胆盐水解酶活性可能是一种 [45] . 人 类通过饮食摄入不同营养素, 与肠道微生物群互作 后, 转化的物质可以被肠道吸收, 微生物本身也会释 表 1 肠道细菌及其相关的代谢物 [5,33] Table 1 Gut bacterial and related metabolites [5,33] 长期慢性炎症会导致脂肪细胞增大, 最终导致各种 疾病的发生与发展 [46] .…”

Microbiota Replacement Therapies: Innovation in Gastrointestinal Care

“…The microbial colonization of the human gut with bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses evolves starting at birth and is influenced by several factors including host genetics, modality of birth (cesarean section vs. vaginal delivery), age, diet, weight, environment, antibiotic exposure, systemic comorbid conditions, and hospitalization, among others . Exposure to antimicrobial agents is considered the most disruptive among these factors, with antimicrobial activity inciting both short‐ and long‐term effects on the microbiota, potentially leading to antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, CDI, emergence of multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs), and the persistence of antibiotic‐resistant genes in pathogens . Additionally, imbalance of this microbial ecosystem is associated with several other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, neuropsychiatric diseases, and systemic autoimmune diseases …”

“…Exposure to antimicrobial agents is considered the most disruptive among these factors, with antimicrobial activity inciting both short‐ and long‐term effects on the microbiota, potentially leading to antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, CDI, emergence of multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDROs), and the persistence of antibiotic‐resistant genes in pathogens . Additionally, imbalance of this microbial ecosystem is associated with several other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, neuropsychiatric diseases, and systemic autoimmune diseases …”

Response of the Human Milk Microbiota to a Maternal Prebiotic Intervention Is Individual and Influenced by Maternal Age

“…The human gut colonization by microorganisms mainly begins at birth. As soon as the baby is born, it is exposed to a maternal and environmental microbial community which will shape the newborn's gut microbiota [7,8]. After birth, dietary practices including formula or breast feeding and use of antibiotics have been linked to the assembly of the gut microbiota structure [8,9].…”