Diet and feeding behavior of a group of 42 Phayre's langurs in a seasonal habitat in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China

Abstract

In habitats such as temperate evergreen forests, fruit, and seed productivity is reported to exhibit marked changes in seasonal availability, such that fruit is most available in summer and seeds are most available in autumn. Primates living in these habitats, therefore, are expected to adjust their diets in response to the spatial and temporal variation in these food resources. We studied the diet and feeding behavior of a group of 42 Phayre's langurs (Trachypithecus phayrei) living in a northern (24°48'N) montane habitat (1,700-2,350 m) in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China from August 2012 to July 2013. The langurs were found to forage on 50 plant species, of which 28 species each accounted for more than 1% of their annual feeding time. Castanopsis echidnocarpa, the most abundant species in their habitat, accounted for 17.5% of the total forest trees, and contributed to the largest proportion of the annual langur diet. The primary component of the langur diet was composed of fruits (22.2%), seeds (18.7%), and buds and young leaves (41.5%). Mature leaves accounted for only 4.1% of their diet. Based on DBH and the percent of the crown containing edible food items, we found that the langurs changed their monthly diet according to the availability of fruits and seeds (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.609, p = 0.035), and buds and young leaves (Spearman rank correlation: r = 0.837, p = 0.001). The seeds of C. echidnocarpa accounted for 12.5% of langur feeding time. A single tree produced a large seed and fruit crop, which likely reduced opportunities for within-group feeding competition. We argue that the resource productivity of this northern montane enables Phayre's langurs to live in stable groups that are 3.6 times larger than reported for Phayre's langurs living in other habitats.

Diet and feeding behavior of a group of high-altitude rhesus macaques: high adaptation to food shortages and seasonal fluctuations

“…Following Ganas et al (2008) and Arseneau-Robar et al (2021) , we divided the preferred foods of macaques by calculating the preference scores (EI). We used Ivlev’s electivity index to calculate EI ( Ma et al 2017 ; Miller et al 2020 ), according to the following formula: EI = ( R d i – N a i )/ ( R d i + N a i ), where R d i is the monthly rank of the food item i in the diet composition, and N a i is the monthly rank of availability of item i . The preferred food is divided according to the EI score, where −1 to 0 indicate that a food was not preferred, a score of 0 signified neutrality, and a score 0 to 1 indicate that it was preferred.…”