Diesel particulate extracts in bacterial test systems

Siak, J.; Chan, Tai L.; Lee, P.S.

doi:10.1016/0160-4120(81)90066-0

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Samples were stored at −18 °C and were redissolved in 4 mL of DMSO immediately before use. 25 The soluble organic fraction (SOF) was determined by weighing of the conditioned filters before and after extraction with dichloromethane.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carcinogenicity of DEE from combustion of common DF is ascribed to chronic inflammatory effects of diesel particulate matter and to PAHs which are adherent to the particles. , Corresponding to the genotoxicity of many PAHs, extracts of diesel particulate matter induced strong mutagenicity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. , A small part of PAHs react with nitrogen oxides (NO X ) out of the gaseous phase of DEE forming nitrated PAHs (nPAHs). Compared to their parent PAHs, most of the resulting compounds are much stronger mutagens and directly mutagenic. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Jatropha Methyl Ester in a Heavy Duty Engine: Emissions and Bacterial Mutagenicity

Westphal

Krahl

Munack

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Research on renewable fuels has to assess possible adverse health and ecological risks as well as conflicts with global food supply. This investigation compares the two newly developed biogenic diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and jatropha methyl ester (JME) with fossil diesel fuel (DF) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) for their emissions and bacterial mutagenic effects. Samples of exhaust constituents were compared after combustion in a Euro III heavy duty diesel engine. Regulated emissions were analyzed as well as particle size and number distributions, carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and bacterial mutagenicity of the exhausts. Combustion of RME and JME resulted in lower particulate matter (PM) compared to DF and HVO. Particle numbers were about 1 order of magnitude lower for RME and JME. However, nitrogen oxides (NOX) of RME and JME exceeded the Euro III limit value of 5.0 g/kWh, while HVO combustion produced the smallest amount of NOX. RME produced the lowest emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) followed by JME. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and several other carbonyls were found in the emissions of all investigated fuels. PAH emissions and mutagenicity of the exhausts were generally low, with HVO revealing the smallest number of mutations and lowest PAH emissions. Each fuel showed certain advantages or disadvantages. As proven before, both biodiesel fuels produced increased NOX emissions compared to DF. HVO showed significant toxicological advantages over all other fuels. Since jatropha oil is nonedible and grows in arid regions, JME may help to avoid conflicts with the food supply worldwide. Hydrogenated jatropha oil should now be investigated if it combines the benefits of both new fuels.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Jatropha Methyl Ester in a Heavy Duty Engine: Emissions and Bacterial Mutagenicity

Westphal

Krahl

Munack

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Short-term microbial mutagenicity bioassays have been extremely useful in evaluating the comparative mutagenicity of different motor vehicle emissions as well as identifying potentially carcinogenic compounds in these complex mixtures (1)(2)(3)(4). Such studies have led to the identification of nitrated polynuclear aromatic (NO2-PNA) compounds in diesel emissions (5,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of motor vehicle emissions in short-term bioassays.

Lewtas¹

1983

Environ Health Perspect

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Incomplete combustion of fuel in motor vehicles results in the emission of submicron carbonaceous particles which, after cooling and dilution, contain varying quantities of extractable organic constituents. These organics are mutagenic in bacteria. Confirmatory bioassays in mammalian cells provide the capability of detecting chromosomal and DNA damage in addition to gene mutations. In order to evaluate the mutagenicity of these organics in mammalian cells, extractable organics from particle emissions from several diesel and gasoline vehicles were compared in a battery of microbial, mammalian cell and in vivo bioassays. The mammalian cell mutagenicity bioassays were selected to detect gene mutations, DNA damage, and chromosomal effects. Carcinogenesis bioassays conducted included short-term assays for oncogenic transformation and skin tumorigenesis. The results in different assay systems are compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Good quantitative correlations were observed between several mutagenesis and carcinogenesis bioassays for this series of diesel and gasoline emissions.

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“…Experimental evidence suggests minimal dissociation of diesel particulate organic compounds in physiological fluids (Brooks et al, 1981;King et al, 1981;Siak et al, 1981;Vostal, 1983). Thus, the mutagenic dose to target epithelial cells for diesel particulate is more likely some fraction of the dose calculated assuming 100% bioavailability.…”

Section: Assumptions Affecting Dosementioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative Mutagenic Dose of Ambient Diesel Engine Exhaust

Pa¹,

Ay²

1999

Inhalation Toxicology

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Diesel engine exhaust contains carbon-based particles that can be inhaled and deposited on lung surfaces. Concern about the carcinogenic potential of diesel engine exhaust derives in part from the mutagenic activity of organics that can be extracted from exhaust particles. However, the lung cancer risk is controversial, and diesel exhaust is a candidate for further evaluation. A comparative potency approach can be used to rank the mutagenic risk of diesel exhaust with other combustion products. We compared the specific mutagenic activities of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and diesel exhaust particle extract (DEPE) and estimated "mutagenic dose" to the lungs. Although the specific mutagenic activities of CSC and DEPE are similar in magnitude, it is the dose reaching the lungs that is more relevant for comparing mutagenic potential. We calculated that, depending on the source of CSC and DEPE, a person would have to inhale approximately 63 to 181 mg of particulate from diesel engine exhaust to match the mutagenic dose of 1 cigarette. We also calculated that a person would have to breathe diesel exhaust (1.5 microg/m(3), estimated total personal exposure) for 6 to 16 yr to equal the mutagenic dose of 1 cigarette. Although instructive, comparative potency results should be used cautiously due to the need for simplifying assumptions. For example, the type of mutagenic assay and the source of cigarettes and diesel engine exhaust could affect dose estimates to some degree; however, the extent to which diesel particle mutagens are bioavailable would have an even greater effect on estimates of relative risk. For both cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust particles, we assumed that the organic mutagens are 100% bioavailable. In summary, our analysis showed a larger mutagenic dose-to-target-tissues in the smoke of one cigarette as compared to a year of exposure to diesel exhaust particulate at ambient levels.

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Diesel particulate extracts in bacterial test systems

Cited by 21 publications

References 4 publications

Combustion of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Jatropha Methyl Ester in a Heavy Duty Engine: Emissions and Bacterial Mutagenicity

Combustion of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Jatropha Methyl Ester in a Heavy Duty Engine: Emissions and Bacterial Mutagenicity

Evaluation of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of motor vehicle emissions in short-term bioassays.

Comparative Mutagenic Dose of Ambient Diesel Engine Exhaust

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