Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control

Chow, Judith C.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2001.10464354

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Ultralow sulfur diesel fuel allows the use of diesel particulate filters and NO x traps. 294,303 Greater benefits and cost-effectiveness are achieved by one major decrease in sulfur content than are obtained by incremental reductions over a period of years. 304 Human health and environmental benefits due to sulfur reduction exceed costs by a factor of 10.…”

Section: Technology-based Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Air Quality in Selected Megacities

Molina

Slott

et al. 2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because of the opportunity for a better quality of life. Many of these urban centers are expanding rapidly, leading to the growth of megacities, which are often defined as metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations of people and activity are exerting increasing stress on the natural environment, with impacts at urban, regional and global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most important problems of megacities. Initially, the main air pollutants of concern were sulfur compounds, which were generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog-induced primarily from traffic, but also from industrial activities, power generation, and solvents-has become the main source of concern for air quality, while sulfur is still a major problem in many cities of the developing world. Air pollution has serious impacts on public health, causes urban and regional haze, and has the potential to contribute significantly to global climate change. Yet, with appropriate planning megacities can efficiently address their air quality problems through measures such as application of new emission control technologies and development of mass transit systems. This review is focused on nine urban centers, chosen as case studies to assess air quality from distinct perspectives: from cities in the industrialized nations to cities in the developing world. This review considers not only megacities, but also urban centers with somewhat smaller populations, for while each city-its problems, resources, and outlook-is unique, the need for a holistic approach to complex environmental problems is the same. There is no single strategy to reduce air pollution in megacities; a mix of policy measures will be needed to improve air quality. Experience shows that strong political will coupled with public dialogue is essential to effectively implement the regulations required to address air quality.

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Section: Technology-based Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Air Quality in Selected Megacities

Molina

Slott

et al. 2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ultralow sulfur diesel fuel allows the use of diesel particulate filters and NO x traps. 342,349 Greater benefits and costeffectiveness are achieved by one major decrease in sulfur content than are obtained by incremental reductions over a period of years. 350 Human health and environmental benefits because of sulfur reduction exceed costs by a factor of 10.…”

Section: Technology-based Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Molina

2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

656

372

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About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because of the opportunity for a better quality of life. Many of these urban centers are expanding rapidly, leading to the growth of megacities, which are defined as metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations of people and activity are exerting increasing stress on the natural environment, with impacts at urban, regional and global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one of the most important problems of megacities. Initially, the main air pollutants of concern were sulfur compounds, which were generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog-induced primarily from traffic, but also from industrial activities, power generation, and solvents-has become the main source of concern for air quality, while sulfur is still a major problem in many cities of the developing world. Air pollution has serious impacts on public health, causes urban and regional haze, and has the potential to contribute significantly to climate change. Yet, with appropriate planning, megacities can efficiently address their air quality problems through measures such as application of new emission control technologies and development of mass transit systems.This review is focused on nine urban centers, chosen as case studies to assess air quality from distinct perspectives: from cities in the industrialized nations to cities in the developing world. While each city-its problems, resources, and outlook-is unique, the need for a holistic approach to the complex environmental problems is the same. There is no single strategy in reducing air pollution in megacities; a mix of policy measures will be needed to improve air quality. Experience shows that strong political will coupled with public dialog is essential to effectively implement the regulations required to address air quality problems.

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“…Outdoor PM pollution can be attributed to gasoline exhaust, diesel emissions, biomass burning, traffic-related pollutions, and industrial emissions (Chow, 2001;Zheng et al, 2002;Donaldson et al, 2005;Edney et al, 2005). Indoor PM is generally emitted from tobacco smoking, cooking, wood burning, medical treatment, and outdoor PM penetration (Monn et al, 1995;Tuckett et al, 1998;Long et al, 2000;Tucker, 2000;He et al, 2004;Liu et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Characterization Studies of a Low-Cost Particle Sensor

Biswas

2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Compact low-cost sensors for measuring particulate matter (PM) concentrations are receiving significant attention as they can be used in larger numbers and in a distributed manner. Most low-cost particle sensors work on optical scattering measurements from the aerosol. To ensure accurate and reliable determination of PM mass concentrations, a relationship of the scattering signal to mass concentration should be established. The scattering signal depends on the aerosol size distributions and particle refractive index. A systematic calibration of a low-cost particle sensor (Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) was carried out by both experimental and computational studies. Sodium chloride, silica, and sucrose aerosols were used as test cases with size distributions measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The mass concentration was estimated using the measured size distribution and density of the particles. Calculations of the scattered light intensity were done using these measured size distributions and known refractive index of the particles. The calculated scattered light intensity showed better linearity with the sensor signal compared to the mass concentration. To obtain a more accurate mass concentration estimation, a model was developed to determine a calibration factor (K). K is not universal for all aerosols, but depends on the size distribution and refractive index. To improve accuracy in estimation of mass concentration, an expression for K as a function of geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, and refractive index is proposed. This approach not only provides a more accurate estimation of PM concentration, but also provides an estimate of the aerosol number concentration.

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Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Air Quality in Selected Megacities

Air Quality in Selected Megacities

Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution

Optical Characterization Studies of a Low-Cost Particle Sensor

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