Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Exposure–Response Analysis of 14 Case–Control Studies

Ge, Calvin; Peters, Susan; Olsson, Ann; Portengen, Lützen; Schüz, Joachim; Almansa, Josué; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Bencko, Vladimír; Benhamou, Simone; Boffetta, Paolo; Bueno‐de‐Mesquita, Bas; Caporaso, Neil E.; Consonni, Dario; Demers, Paul A.; Fabiánovà, Eleonóra; Fernández‐Tardón, Guillermo; Field, John K.; Forastiére, Francesco; Foretová, Lenka; Guénel, Pascal; Gustavsson, Per; Janout, Vladimí­r; Jöckel, Karl‐Heinz; Karrasch, Stefan; Landi, Maria Teresa; Lissowska, Jolanta; Luce, Danièle; Mateș, Dana; McLaughlin, John; Merletti, Franco; Mirabelli, Dario; Pándics, Tamás; Parent, Marie‐Élise; Plato, Nils; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Richiardi, Lorenzo; Siemiatycki, Jack; Świątkowska, Beata; Tardón, Adonina; Wichmann, Heinz‐Erich; Заридзе, Давид; Straif, Kurt; Kromhout, Hans; Vermeulen, Roel

doi:10.1164/rccm.201911-2101oc

Cited by 42 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the reported BC level [ 41 ] are well below the new EU OEL for diesel exhaust as well as the Dutch OEL, but exceed the Dutch prohibition risk level. Recently published data on the dose-response relationship between exposure to diesel exhaust particles and lung cancer in epidemiological studies estimated that occupational exposure to 1 μg/m 3 EC would cause 4 to17 excess lung cancer cases per 10,000 exposed [ 80 , 81 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports

et al. 2021

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Background Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. Method In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. Results Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. Conclusion We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another recent analysis of 14 case-control studies estimated exposure to diesel exhaust particles using job-exposure matrices. In this study, occupational exposure to 1 μg EC/m 3 during a 45 year work life would cause 4 excess lung cancers per 10,000 exposed using the EC content of diesel exhaust as metric [ 81 ].…”

Section: Toxicity Of Jet Fuel Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports

et al. 2021

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“…There is some evidence from animal models which suggests that diesel particulate exposure (which includes EC) is synergistic with tobacco exposure, 66 and more consistent evidence that EC specifically is associated with additive risk of lung cancer when combined with cigarette smoke exposure. 67 Further research is necessary to elucidate the important question of whether there is a synergistic effect of EC and tobacco smoke in pulmonary vascular pathology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient air pollution exposure and radiographic pulmonary vascular volumes

Synn

Byanova

et al. 2021

Environmental Epidemiology

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“…EC constitutes a larger portion of the diesel particulate mass and has been used as an external exposure dosimetry for assessing dose-response of health effects with DE exposure [ 1 , 22 ]. However, external assessment of inhalation exposure suffers from lack of consideration of inter-individual variations in respiratory physiology and lung defense and clearance capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic exposure to diesel exhaust may cause small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing: a quantitative computerized tomography study in Chinese diesel engine testers

Liu

Tang

et al. 2021

Part Fibre Toxicol

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Background Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major source of ultrafine particulate matters (PM) in ambient air and contaminates many occupational settings. Airway remodeling assessed using computerized tomography (CT) correlates well with spirometry in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Structural changes of small airways caused by chronic DE exposure is unknown. Wall and lumen areas of 6th and 9th generations of four candidate airways were quantified using end-inhalation CT scans in 78 diesel engine testers (DET) and 76 non-DETs. Carbon content in airway macrophage (CCAM) in sputum was quantified to assess the dose-response relationship. Results Environmental monitoring and CCAM showed a much higher PM exposure in DETs, which was associated with higher wall area and wall area percent for 6th generation of airways. However, no reduction in lumen area was identified. No study subjects met spirometry diagnosis of airway obstruction. This suggested that small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing may be an early feature of airway remodeling in DETs. The effect of DE exposure status on wall area percent did not differ by lobes or smoking status. Although the trend test was of borderline significance between categorized CCAM and wall area percent, subjects in the highest CCAM category has a 14% increase in wall area percent for the 6th generation of airways compared to subjects in the lowest category. The impact of DE exposure on FEV1 can be partially explained by the wall area percent with mediation effect size equal to 20%, Pperm = 0.028). Conclusions Small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing may be an early image feature detected by CT and underlie the pathology of lung injury in DETs. The pattern of changes in small airway dimensions, i.e., thicker airway wall without lumen narrowing caused by occupational DE exposure was different to that (i.e., thicker airway wall with lumen narrowing) seen in our previous study of workers exposed to nano-scale carbon black aerosol, suggesting constituents other than carbon cores may contribute to such differences. Our study provides some imaging indications of the understanding of the pulmonary toxicity of combustion derived airborne particulate matters in humans.

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Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Exposure–Response Analysis of 14 Case–Control Studies

Cited by 42 publications

References 28 publications

A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports

A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports

Ambient air pollution exposure and radiographic pulmonary vascular volumes

Chronic exposure to diesel exhaust may cause small airway wall thickening without lumen narrowing: a quantitative computerized tomography study in Chinese diesel engine testers

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