This study presents the influence of molecular interaction and molecular ordering on the physicochemical properties and the excess values of the binary mixtures containing several alkanediols and a symmetric cyclic ketone (cyclopentanone) at 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa. Thus, experimental values of the permittivity, density, and refractive index were determined for the alkanediol−cyclopentanone systems over the entire range of mole fraction. A series of straight-chain primary alkanediols, each having two primary hydroxyl groups, were 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and 1,5pentandiol. Meanwhile, the other alkanediols (1,2-propanediol and 1,3-butanediol) possesses both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. The measured data were coherently analyzed by the conventional methods, leading to different excess values. The calculated excess quantities indicate the existence of hydrogen-bonding network in the studied systems. The excess values of relative permittivity, molar volume, and Kirkwood correlation factors were found to be negative for all of the binary mixtures, suggesting the formation of multimer structures, the reduction of the effective dipole moments, and the opposite alignment of dipoles in the mixtures. In order to support the experimental data, theoretical calculations were performed using density functional theory (DFT). The optimization of the structures were performed by the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) DFT level.