“…Computing metasurfaces are two-dimensional artificial nanostructures capable of performing mathematical operations on the input electromagnetic field ( Silva et al., 2014 ; Pors et al., 2015 ; Hwang and Davis, 2016 ; Zhu et al., 2017 ; Lee et al., 2017 ; Zangeneh-Nejad et al., 2020 ; Li et al., 2021 ; Jin et al., 2021 ; Yung et al., 2022 ; He et al., 2022 ; Fu et al., 2022 ). The spatial differentiation operations based on computing metasurfaces have been applied for all-optical image processing, especially for edge detection ( Dong et al., 2018 ; Kwon et al., 2018 ; Zhou et al., 2019 , 2020 , 2021 ; Momeni et al., 2019 ; Huo et al., 2020 ; Liu et al., 2020 ; Wesemann et al., 2021 ; Solntsev et al., 2021 ; Yang et al., 2021 ). In recent years, because of the sensitivity to changes in physical parameters of the system, weak-value amplification techniques have been proposed for the chiral sensing ( Rhee et al., 2013 ; Wang et al., 2020 ).…”