Dielectric properties of human diabetic blood: Thermodynamic characterization and new prospective for alternative diagnostic techniques

Abstract

In this paper, we will show the possibility of studying physical properties and irreversible phenomena that occur in blood by applying the dielectric Kluitenberg's nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory. Namely, we shall use some recent extensions of this theory that allow to infer its main characteristic parameters from experimental measures. Applying these results to the study of normal and diabetic blood we show, by comparing them, that it is possible to determine the difference, in some details, of the amount of particular phenomena occurring inside them and give a biological meaning to these phenomena. Moreover, observing a correspondence between a particular value of the frequency for which state coefficients are equal and glucose levels we introduce an alternative diagnostic method to measure the values of the glucose in the blood by determining only this frequency value. The thermodynamic description will be completed by determining the trend of the entropy production.

A New Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Fractional Visco-Inelastic Model to Predict Experimentally Inaccessible Processes and Investigate Pathophysiological Cellular Structures

“…On the other hand, there are mathematical difficulties in dealing with non-linearities that cannot be overcome analytically, but only by means of numerical methods. In line with our research on the study of some biological phenomena by means of techniques developed in the context of NET, in this paper we will refer to a linear approximation since this proved to be successful in the study of biological phenomena [13][14][15]21,22]. As mentioned above, entropy plays a fundamental role in the whole NET.…”

“…The introduction of the internal variable concept by Kluitenberg makes this theory particularly suitable for the study of biological phenomena in which the variables to be considered are multiple and the system is always out of equilibrium. Further development of this theory has been carried out by Farsaci et al [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] who have determined a way to correlate the functions that appear in theory with experimentally measurable functions; in particular, with complex dynamic modules (loss and storage) measured in mechanical and dielectric relaxation phenomena. This allowed the experimental (indirect) evaluation of all the rheological functions of the theory and those related to the dielectric polarization phenomena as well as entropy production [16,17].…”

Expanding the Repertoire of Dielectric Fractional Models: A Comprehensive Development and Functional Applications to Predict Metabolic Alterations in Experimentally-Inaccessible Cells or Tissues

“…We will remark that a significant contribution of the developed approach in our previous papers is the knowledge of phenomena associated with each phenomenological and state coefficient and to internal variables [19][20][21][22]. These can highlight the evolution of pathologies that cannot be evidenced in other investigations.…”

“…Obviously, the investigation of these pathologies is very difficult if it is carried out by considering partial polarization directly, since a direct measure of them is very difficult. However, these diseases may be investigated from an electric point of view, as we will show for a particular case in the next sections; there, we will show a "technique" to approach this type of investigation [19][20][21][22].…”

Evaluation of the human blood entropy production: a new thermodynamic approach

“…In this paper, we follow the thermodynamic theory with internal variables of Kluitenberg [3][4][5][6][7] and we will evaluate the entropy production of a system when it is subjected to an ultrasound wave. Indeed, in previous papers, this has been done but the system was perturbed by an electric field or mechanical vibrations [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Moreover, we will apply the so-obtained results to biological systems such as blood.…”