Dielectric properties of bones for the monitoring of osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis is one of the most common diseases that leads to bone fractures. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is currently employed to measure the bone mineral density and to diagnose osteoporosis. Alternatively, the dielectric properties of bones are found to be influenced by bone mineral density; hence, dielectric properties of bones may potentially be used to diagnose osteoporosis. Microwave tomographic imaging is currently in development to potentially measure in vivo dielectric properties of bone. Therefore, the foci of this work are to summarize all available dielectric data of bone in the microwave frequency range and to analyze the confounders that may have resulted in variations in reported data. This study also compares the relationship between the dielectric properties and bone quality reported across different studies. The review suggests that variations exist in the dielectric properties of bone and the relationship between bone volume fraction and dielectric properties is in agreement across all studies. Conversely, the evidence of a relationship between bone mineral density and dielectric properties is inconsistent across the studies. This summary of dielectric data of bone along with a comparison of the relationship between the dielectric properties and bone quality will accelerate the development of microwave tomographic imaging devices for the monitoring of osteoporosis. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Establishment of a Numerical Model to Design an Electro-Stimulating System for a Porcine Mandibular Critical Size Defect

“…A limitation of all such numerical studies on bioelectric effects is given by the fact that the dielectric properties of biological tissues available in the literature vary strongly among different species and also depend on the experimental conditions and the specific anatomic site [70][71][72]. Furthermore, the tissue properties depend on age [73] and health conditions of the subject: osteoporosis [74,75] will have an impact, for example. In addition, we assumed the defect to be filled purely with cancellous bone.…”

An Overview of Microwave Imaging for Breast Tumor Detection

“…Many studies have been undertaken to achieve dielectric quantification as it helps in the development of accurate numerical models and phantoms for experimental imaging studies [34]. Such dielectric studies were performed in two ways: ex vivo methods, which used tissues excised during cancer removal or tissue reduction surgeries [33], and in vivo methods, which involved indirect estimation of tissue parameters from a tomography-generated profile or by using probes inserted into the body [35].…”

Study of Sr–Ca–Si-based scaffolds for bone regeneration in osteoporotic models

“…1,2 The underlying mechanism is mainly attributed to the incongruent biological activities between bone forming and resorption, especially in postmenopausal women who encounter a sharp decrease in serum oestrogen. 3 Generally, aiming to treat osteoporosis, there are some traditional pharmacological approaches. 4,5 The representative treatment is strontium ranelate; however, a series of undesirable side effects cannot be ignored for long-term systematic treatment.…”

“… 1 , 2 The underlying mechanism is mainly attributed to the incongruent biological activities between bone forming and resorption, especially in postmenopausal women who encounter a sharp decrease in serum oestrogen. 3 …”