Dielectric Fluids for Power Transformers with Special Emphasis on Biodegradable Nanofluids

Abstract

This review is focused on the research of dielectric fluids, especially commonly used power transformer oils enhanced by nanoparticles, i.e., nanofluids. There are differences between various combinations of base fluids and nanoparticles prepared in different ways. The main goal of this review was to present recent research in this field sorted by the used nanoparticles. Nanofluids based on mineral oils, natural, or synthetic esters were investigated in terms of the nature of nanoparticles, particularly Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, graphene, fullerene, and others. The combinations of environmentally friendly oils and nanoparticles were presented. Finally, the article focused on the description of current dielectric fluids usable in power transformers and the possibilities of improving new and existing fluids with nanoparticles, especially their physical, dielectric, and chemical properties, but with regard to environmental aspects.

Electric partial discharges in biodegradable oil-based ferrofluids: A study on effects of magnetic field and nanoparticle concentration

“…The advancement of high-voltage technology necessitates enhancing insulation capabilities and heat transfer efficiency in line with sustainable development, particularly through the utilization of eco-friendly materials [ 1 ]. Biodegradable insulating liquids emerge as a viable substitute for mineral oils in liquid insulation applications for high-voltage equipment [ 2 ]. The recent approach to enhancing the dielectric properties of biodegradable oils relies on nanoparticles incorporation, so creating stable colloidal suspensions (nanofluids) [ 3 ].…”

Heat Transfer Optimization of an Electronic Control Unit Immersed in Forced Liquid Coolant

“…To investigate additional thermal solutions for electric vehicle batteries, many studies use hydrofluoroether [38,39] or natural and synthetic esters [31,40,41]. There is an effort to demonstrate that by enhancing their properties with nanoparticles, biodegradable materials can match the properties of mineral oil [42,43]. In comparison to their basic conventional fluids, nanofluids were shown to have much enhanced thermal properties, particularly thermal conductivity and convective as well as boiling heat transfer features.…”

Influence of Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids on the Temperature Distribution and Generated Heat Energy Inside Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker in Making Process

“…Furthermore, in [ 24 ], the authors reviewed the dispersion of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles into insulating oil with different concentrations, which causes thermal conductivity enhancement that is proportional to the concentration and temperature of nanoparticles, as concluded in [ 25 ]. In addition, Šárpataky et al summarized that the AC breakdown voltage has been enhanced from 4% up to 75% based on the type of insulating oil, the size of nanoparticles, and the nanoparticles’ concentrations [ 26 ]. Recently, Maher et al measured the dielectric dissipation factor (DDF) after thermal and electrical faults on different nanofluids in power transformers.…”