Dielectric Constant Measurements: A New, Rapid Method To Characterize Shale at the Wellsite

Leung, P.K.; Steig, R.P.

doi:10.2523/23887-ms

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…2a). This is consistent with the model proposed by Leung and Steiger (1992) for the increase in the permittivity with the specific surface at a frequency of 0.001 GHz. A direct comparison of the real permittivity values of these shales cannot be carried out because the samples have different Fig.…”

Section: Specific Surfacesupporting

confidence: 92%

High-frequency complex permittivity of shales (0.02-1.30 GHz)

Fam¹,

Dusseault²

1998

Can. Geotech. J.

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This study describes a new approach to analyze complex permittivity data of shales and to extract fundamental properties relevant to engineering applications. The complex permittivity at high frequencies was measured for three different shales: Queenston, Mancos, and Pierre shales. Plane surfaces parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane were cut from well-preserved cores. Permittivity data were acquired using a coaxial termination probe and a network analyzer (0.02-1.30 GHz). It is shown that Pierre shale displays high complex permittivity values relative to Queenston and Mancos shales. A simple approach is adopted to extract the volumetric free-water content of shales based on permittivity data at high frequencies. Shales with high specific surface (e.g., Pierre shale) show the lowest free-water content among tested cores. The slope of the relationship between real permittivity and frequency in a semi-log plot is suggested to relate permittivity data to the specific surface. The anisotropy in complex permittivity is a potential parameter in shale characterization. The permittivity anisotropy depends on the reactivity and the clay content of the shale, as well as on the inherent fabric anisotropy.Résumé : Cette étude décrit une nouvelle approche pour analyser des données de permittivité complexe de schistes argileux, et extraire les propriétés fondamentales pertinentes aux applications de l'ingénieur. La permittivité complexe à hautes fréquences a été mesurée pour trois différents schistes argileux: Queenston, Mancos et Pierre. Des surfaces planes parallèles et perpendiculaires au plan de litage ont été coupées sur des carottes bien conservées. Les données de permittivité ont été obtenues au moyen d'une sonde coaxiale ouverte et d'un analyseur de réseau (0,02 à 1,30 GHz). Il est montré que le schiste Pierre a des valeurs élevées de permittivité complexe par rapport aux schistes Queenston et Mancos. Une approche simple est adoptée pour extraire la teneur volumétrique d'eau libre des schistes partant des données de permittivité à hautes fréquences. Les schistes ayant une surface spécifique élevée (ex., schiste Pierre) ont la plus faible teneur en eau parmi les carottes testées. L'on suggère de relier les données de permittivité à la surface spécifique au moyen de la pente de la relation semi-logarithmique entre la permittivité réelle et la fréquence. L'anisotropie de la permittivité complexe est un paramètre potentiel pour la caractérisation du schiste. L'anisotropie de la permittivité dépend de la réactivité et de la teneur en argile du schiste, de même que de l'anisotropie inhérente de fabrique.Mots clés : permittivité, teneur en argile, surface spécifique, teneur en eau libre, anisotropie.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Specific Surfacesupporting

confidence: 92%

High-frequency complex permittivity of shales (0.02-1.30 GHz)

Fam¹,

Dusseault²

1998

Can. Geotech. J.

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“…A succinct list of usual methods is presented hereafter: -XRD, X-ray diffraction analysis to determine qualitative mineral content, -CEC, cation exchange capacity to evaluate reactivity of drilled cuttings. The methylene blue test (MBT) method was recommended by API 13I (2003), -GST, a gravimetric swelling test, used to measure water and ion motion during shale/mud interaction (Zhang et al, 2004), -CST, capillary suction time for the determination of filtration properties and salt optimization (Wilcox et al, 1987), -ROP, rate of penetration measured with a penetrometer to estimate the degree and depth of softening or with a Bulk Hardness Test designed to give an assessment of the hardness of shale following exposure to a test fluid (Patel et al, 2002), -DCM, dielectric constant measurement to quantify swelling clay content and to determine specific area (Leung and Steig, 1992), -Triaxial test for pore pressure measurements, carried out in downhole simulation cell (DSC) for compressive stress/strain behavior (Salisbury and Deem, 1990), -Oedometer test for pore pressure modification and chemical potential influence (Bol et al, 1992), -SDT, slake durability test, a standard method originally used in geotechnical studies when measuring the weathering and stability of rock slope: ASTM D 4644-97 (ASTM, 2000), reapproved 1992 (Likos et al, 2004), -Jar slake testing, a qualitative method designed to evaluate shale relative durability in contact with a given fluid. Wood and Deo (1975), Lutton (1977) describe details of this method using six indices, -DSCA, differential strain curve analysis for in situ measuring stress orientation and intensity (Fjaer, 1999), -Hot-rolling dispersion test (shale disintegration resistance or cuttings dispersion test), the most widely used technique in optimizing drilling fluid.…”

Section: Inhibition Diagnosis and Shale Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drilling Fluid Technology: Performances and Environmental Considerations

Khodja¹,

Khodja-Saber²,

Canselier³

et al. 2010

Products and Services; From R&D to Final Solutions

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“…The dielectric constant of the sample is then determined in conjunction with calibration constants obtained for the test cell. 8,9 These constants were obtained by firstly measuring the capacitance of both air and distilled water under specific conditions. Secondly, a linear relationship is established between their measured capacitance and their known dielectric constants of 1.000590 and 78.54 @ 25°C respectively.…”

Section: Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 In their paper, a correlation between the dielectric constant of a mineral, particularly when hydrated, and its surface area were established. This, in turn, led to a relationship between specific surface area and rock strength.…”

Section: Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Application of an Ammine-Complex Adsorption Technique as an Alternative to Dielectric Constant Measurements (DCM) for Offshore Shale Typing

Sanders¹,

Stewart²,

Tavendale

et al. 2003

Proceedings of International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry

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TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractDielectric Constant Measurements (DCM) are often a significant component of field wellbore stability studies. The DCM technique is a recognised method for characterizing clay material, providing good correlation between specific surface area measurements and rock strength. The most accurate methodology is to characterize intra-reservoir shale whilst drilling. A portable DCM instrument can be used offshore; unfortunately such units cannot always be made available.Previous work has suggested a correlation exists between DCM specific surface area measurements and methylene blue titration (MBT) cation exchange results. However, a number of concerns were raised over the relative accuracy of the technique, and more importantly, on the consistency of testing between engineering personnel. Hence, an alternative, more quantitative method for accurately and rapidly determining the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of shale was required.A method, first proposed by Bardon et al., 1 based upon the interaction of ammine-transition metal complexes with the clay exchange sites, was selected and adapted for use offshore. The reactivity of the clay material could then be determined colorimetrically based upon cobalt hexammine trichloride depletion. This method was applied in an actual field situation.The Nelson field is located on the Forties-Montrose High within the Central Graben, UK Central North Sea, and some 113 miles east of Aberdeen. The reservoir, an oil producer, consists of submarine fan sands of the Forties Formation at approximately 7,200 feet TVDSS (true vertical depth sub sea). Serious problems were experienced with intra-reservoir shale while drilling the 1 near-horizontal 8½-inch section of Nelson well 22/11-N30y. Intra-reservoir shales were prognosed on a subsequent well, 22/11-N32 of similar trajectory. In order to * Formerly with Enterprise Oil plc minimise drilling risks, a full wellbore stability study was conducted. The ammine-complex adsorption test was used offshore, in place of DCM, to determine shale reactivity as part of a "shale type risk assessment matrix" developed from this study.A good correlation between specific surface area measurements and cobalt hexammine complex adsorption was found, providing a viable alternative to offshore DCM measurements for shale characterisation. It is believed by the authors that this is the first time this particular technique has been used in the field for this application.

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Dielectric Constant Measurements: A New, Rapid Method To Characterize Shale at the Wellsite

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

High-frequency complex permittivity of shales (0.02-1.30 GHz)

High-frequency complex permittivity of shales (0.02-1.30 GHz)

Drilling Fluid Technology: Performances and Environmental Considerations

Application of an Ammine-Complex Adsorption Technique as an Alternative to Dielectric Constant Measurements (DCM) for Offshore Shale Typing

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