Diel Vertical Migrations by Juvenile Sockeye Salmon and the Antipredation Window

Clark, Colin; Levy, David A.

doi:10.1086/284789

Cited by 442 publications

(387 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition, it may help to avoid the brightest-lit areas of the environment, where detection by predators is likely to occur. This form of light-avoidance strategy is found in many fish species, where it is thought to confer a specific advantage in the face of aerial predation (25). In embryonic Xenopus tadpoles, light avoidance is achieved by a pineal-driven motor response that causes upward swimming in response to shadows cast in the water (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles

Currie

Doherty

Sillar

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Nonvisual photoreceptors are widely distributed in the retina and brain, but their roles in animal behavior remain poorly understood. Here we document a previously unidentified form of deep-brain photoreception in Xenopus laevis frog tadpoles. The isolated nervous system retains sensitivity to light even when devoid of input from classical eye and pineal photoreceptors. These preparations produce regular bouts of rhythmic swimming activity in ambient light but fall silent in the dark. This sensitivity is tuned to shortwavelength UV light; illumination at 400 nm initiates motor activity over a broad range of intensities, whereas longer wavelengths do not cause a response. The photosensitive tissue is located in a small region of caudal diencephalon-this region is necessary to retain responses to illumination, whereas its focal illumination is sufficient to drive them. We present evidence for photoreception via the light-sensitive proteins opsin (OPN)5 and/or cryptochrome 1, because populations of OPN5-positive and cryptochrome-positive cells reside within the caudal diencephalon. This discovery represents a hitherto undescribed vertebrate pathway that links luminance detection to motor output. The pathway provides a simple mechanism for light avoidance and/or may reinforce classical circadian systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles

Currie

Doherty

Sillar

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…35% of their daytime e¤ciency . Despite this, there was an overall preference for being active by night, presumably because the perceived predation risk was far greater by day (Clark & Levy 1988;Fraser et al 1993). However, there was signi¢-cant variation between individual ¢sh, not in the total amount of activity per day, but in the proportion of that activity that was nocturnal, and this corresponded predictably with their current physiological state and lifehistory pattern: ¢sh that were preparing to migrate tended more towards diurnal activity especially if relatively small, whereas delayed migrants were more diurnal if they were in a poorer physiological condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, while foraging by night may o¡er the lowest ratio of mortality risk to food gained (see Gilliam & Fraser 1987;Clark & Levy 1988), this is not necessarily the optimal time-period of feeding for all ¢sh, as the strategy that will maximize their long-term survival varies. Thus, some must achieve a higher intake than is possible from purely nocturnal foraging, and so must forage more by day even though that is riskier in the short-term.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in winter this is countered by an increased predation risk by day as their most important predators are diurnal . Diurnal foraging is thus more pro¢table in terms of food gained per unit time, but also riskier than nocturnal foraging (Clark & Levy 1988). Because, in common with most prey species, juvenile salmon are able to take refuge from predators when not feeding (in this case by hiding in crevices in the streambed (Gardiner & Geddes 1980;Rimmer et al 1983;Valdimarsson et al 1997)), the extent and timing of their activity in winter should be based on the optimal trade-o¡ between the need to avoid predation (by hiding) and the need for food (Bull et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State–dependent shifts between nocturnal and diurnal activity in salmon

Metcalfe

Fraser

Burns

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

105

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Animal species have usually evolved to be active at a speci¢c time of the daily cycle, and so are either diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular. However, we show here that the daily timing of activity in juvenile Atlantic salmon is related to the life-history strategy that they have adopted (i.e. the age at which they will migrate to the sea) and their current state (body size/relative nutritional state). Salmon can detect food more easily by day than by night, but the risk of predation is greater. Nocturnal foraging should generally be preferred, but the greater the need for growth, the greater should be the shift towards diurnal activity. In line with this prediction, all ¢sh were predominantly nocturnal, but salmon preparing to migrate to the sea, which would experience size-dependent mortality during the forthcoming migration, were more diurnal than ¢sh of the same age and size that were delaying migration for a further year. Moreover, the proportion of activity by day was negatively correlated with body size within the intending migrants. It has previously been shown that overwinter survival in ¢sh delaying migration is maximized not by growth but by minimizing exposure to predators. As predicted, daytime activity in these ¢sh was correlated with the prior rate of weight loss, ¢sh being more diurnal when their risk of starvation was greater. To our knowledge, these are the ¢rst quantitative demonstrations of state-dependent variation in the timing of daily activity.

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“…Fishes move among different environments to improve their rates of survival, growth, and reproduction, ultimately increasing fitness (Clark and Levy 1988;Armstrong et al 2013;Glover et al 2013;Manderson et al 2014). Because most fish cannot physiologically thermoregulate, they often experience energetic tradeoffs, as warmer temperatures elevate metabolic costs, but also increase their ability to consume more (Magnuson et al 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetic requirements of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) feeding on burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) in estuaries: importance of temperature, reproductive investment, and residence time

et al. 2017

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Habitat use can be complex, as tradeoffs among physiology, resource abundance, and predator avoidance affect the suitability of different environments for different species. Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), an imperiled species along the west coast of North America, undertake extensive coastal migrations and occupy estuaries during the summer and early fall. Warm water and abundant prey in estuaries may afford a growth opportunity. We applied a bioenergetics model to investigate how variation in estuarine temperature, spawning frequency, and duration of estuarine residence affect consumption and growth potential for individual green sturgeon. We assumed that green sturgeon achieve observed annual growth by feeding solely in conditions represented by Willapa Bay, Washington, an estuary annually frequented by green sturgeon and containing extensive tidal flats that harbor a major prey source (burrowing shrimp, Neotrypaea californiensis). Modeled consumption rates increased little with reproductive investment (<0.4%), but responded strongly (10-50%) to water temperature and duration of residence, as higher temperatures and longer residence Environ Biol Fish (2017) required greater consumption to achieve equivalent growth. Accordingly, although green sturgeon occupy Willapa Bay from May through September, acoustically-tagged individuals are observed over much shorter durations (34 d + 41 d SD, N = 89). Simulations of <34 d estuarine residence required unrealistically high consumption rates to achieve observed growth, whereas longer durations required sustained feeding, and therefore higher total intake, to compensate for prolonged exposure to warm temperatures. Model results provide a range of per capita consumption rates by green sturgeon feeding in estuaries to inform management decisions regarding resource and habitat protection for this protected species.

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Diel Vertical Migrations by Juvenile Sockeye Salmon and the Antipredation Window

Cited by 442 publications

References 24 publications

Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles

Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles

State–dependent shifts between nocturnal and diurnal activity in salmon

Energetic requirements of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) feeding on burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) in estuaries: importance of temperature, reproductive investment, and residence time

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