Diel and Seasonal Variability in Kelp Forest Soundscapes Off the Southern California Coast

Abstract

Soundscape ecology is a relatively new field that can provide insights into the structure and health of marine habitats. Though this field is growing, the acoustics of many marine habitats, including the giant kelp forests off Southern California, remain poorly studied. Here, we examine the diel and seasonal periodicity of kelp forest soundscapes within a protected and unprotected site off San Diego, CA. Singular value decomposition was used to identify frequency bands of interest, enabling tracking of these bands through seasons to examine their variability. Four frequency bands were identified: (1) 60–130 Hz, which encompassed a putative fish chorus, (2) 300–500 Hz, which encompassed a different putative fish chorus, (3) a band that encompassed humming generated by Plainfin Midshipmen Poricthys notatus (fundamental frequency: 85–95 Hz, and two subharmonics 175–185 Hz and 265–275 Hz), and (4) a band that encompassed the snaps of snapping shrimps from 2.5 to 7.5 kHz. Overall, kelp forest soundscapes exhibited diel and seasonal variability. In particular, the two putative fish choruses dominated the dusk soundscapes during late spring and summer, and the Midshipmen hums persisted throughout nights in summer. Snapping shrimp sounds exhibited stereotypic crepuscular activity, with peaks in acoustic energy in the 2.5–7.5 kHz band occurring at dusk and dawn. In addition, vessel noise was identified and found to exhibit strong seasonal and spatial variation. Vessel noise was greatest during August and September at the protected site and was generally lower during the winter and spring months. These findings help establish reference acoustic indices for the kelp forests off Southern California, within and outside of a protected area, and can provide resource managers with information on how well a marine reserve protects a species of interest, as well as the putative human visitation of these protected areas.

Advancing the Interpretation of Shallow Water Marine Soundscapes

“…In many cases, features are being extracted from time-frequency matrices that reflect the underlying data structure and generalize in a high-level representation. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), singular value decomposition (SVD) or non-negative matrix factorization are examples of these data transformations for unsupervised feature learning that have been applied in marine acoustic event detection (Figure 11B; Sattar et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2017a;Lin and Tsao, 2020;Butler et al, 2021).…”

State of Play in Marine Soundscape Assessments

“…They are key players in blue carbon capture and climate control (Krause-Jensen et al, 2018). The current limited studies on algal/kelp forest soundscapes indicate correlations between acoustic parameters and the state of the ecosystem (Gottesman Butler et al, 2021), as well as any shifts occurring (Rossi et al, 2017).…”

An Optical Imaging System for Capturing Images in Low-Light Aquatic Habitats Using Only Ambient Light

“…Other monitoring methods, such as acoustic telemetry, are relatively invasive, requiring, for example, the implantation of a transmitter tag into the fish of interest. Methods that are noninvasive, such as passive acoustics, currently do not allow assignment of in situ observations to a particular species (Pagniello et al, 2019;Butler et al, 2021), as catalogues of fish sounds are either incomplete or nonexistent in most aquatic environments (Rountree et al, 2006). Given the limitations of these methods, optical imaging systems have become an increasingly popular, noninvasive, in situ monitoring method to quantify species diversity and abundance in and around MPAs (e.g., Langlois et al, 2006;Pelletier et al, 2011;Bouchet and Meeuwig, 2015).…”