“…The majority of these studies have employed shadowed preparations, which can only provide information regarding the external morphology of the microorganisms. Recent reports coupling this technique with partial dissolution of spirochetes have demonstrated that spirochetes consist of three main structures: a protoplasmic cylinder, an axial filament (consisting of one or more fibrils), and an outer envelope (Bradfield and Cater, 1952;Czekalowski and Eaves, 1955;Swain, 1955Swain, , 1957Takeya, Mori, and Toda, 1957;Berger, 1958;Varpholomeeva and Stanislavsky, 1958;Babudieri, 1960).…”