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Since 1954 a new generation of chemical warfare agents, the socalled binary warfare agents as a variant of chemical weapons have been developed, mainly by the US Army. There exist models of binary poisons in plants as well as in animals and also in the civil production of very different chemicals. But in any case the development and stockpiling of this new type of warfare agents is against all the progress made in the Geneva talks on disarmament and the very first results of the Geneva Disarmament Conference. It is also an escalation in the arms race and in the destablization of security esp. in Europe, for which the main stocks of these weapons are planed by the USA. Finally this binary concept is opening the doors for new research and development in the chemical weapons field.
Since 1954 a new generation of chemical warfare agents, the socalled binary warfare agents as a variant of chemical weapons have been developed, mainly by the US Army. There exist models of binary poisons in plants as well as in animals and also in the civil production of very different chemicals. But in any case the development and stockpiling of this new type of warfare agents is against all the progress made in the Geneva talks on disarmament and the very first results of the Geneva Disarmament Conference. It is also an escalation in the arms race and in the destablization of security esp. in Europe, for which the main stocks of these weapons are planed by the USA. Finally this binary concept is opening the doors for new research and development in the chemical weapons field.
Problems and difficulties in assessment of the toxicological risk of chemicals are reviewed. Evaluation is possible by means of CLCut E and chronic toxicity studies including testing of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, behaviour, immune reactivity, and reproduction. The task of the industrial toxicologist is to establish dose-effect relationships in order to set toxicity thresholds. Threshold limits are based on simple theory: Organism can tolerate some dosages of any chemical without adverse effect and conversely, almost any substance can cause adverse effects if sufficiently high dosages aregiven. Very toxic chemicals can be defined promptly, but to prove that a less-obviously toxic substance could never do anything, to anybody, any time, is impossible. T o minimize the residual risk safety factors for establishment of threshold limit values were used. Some economic aspects of the risk assessment of chemicals are discussed. EinleitungSei es in der Industrie, im Labor oder wo auch immer der Mensch gegeniiber Chemikalien exponiert wirddie Chemie ist mit Gefahren und Risiken fur die Gesundheit verbunden. Diese Gefahren entspringen mensclilichem nnd technischem Versagen, dem Verfahrensablauf chemischer Reaktionen und Stoffeigenschaften selbst, wie Brennbarkeit, Strahlung und, nicht zuletzt, der Toxizitat. Dabei sind Einzel-oder Massenvergiftungen nur ein Aspekt, der zu Krankheit, Invaliditat oder Tod fiihren kann. Chemikalien konnen uber die Kette Exposition -Reaktion -Gesundheitsstorung eine Rolle spielen, wenn sie langere Zeit in geringen Dosen oder Konzentrationen aufgenommen werden. Uer Industrietoxikologie obliegt es, diese durch toxische Eigenschaften chemischer Stoffe induzierten Gefahren aufzudecken und Empfehlungen zur Begrenzung des Risikos zu erarbeiten. Es gehort zu den Aufgaben der Industrietoxikologie, neu auf den Markt kommende Substanzen toxikologisch zu charakterisieren. Welche Schwierigkeiten damit verbunden sind, sol1 im folgenden erortert wcrden. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, dem Chemiker die Problematik von toxikologischen Unbedenldichkciten vor Augen zu fiihren.
Aktuelle Aufgaben der chernischen Toxikologie bei der CliemikalienbewertungAkadeniie der \\'isscnscli,iftcii der UDK, Forscli~ingsstelle fluThe increctsiny of cheniicctl products und chetnicnl processes in tho last yews required new concepts f o r chernicul sufely. This new laws ( i d governmental regulations based on the knowledge of the chemical, physical and toxicological properties of substances. I n the ,field qf safetycodes the chemical toxicology takes a leadiiag part. T'he ~i s k assessment includes knowledge about chemical reactivity, biotransformation, decoinposition and accurnulution i n the biosphere and the migration of chemicals in water, air andlor soils. Knowledge cxbout the behuviour of chemiccds in the biosphere are necessarily for the replacement of toxic chemicals by nontoxic substances demanded bg law of poisons or for the waste matiugernent. Sortie topics ctboztl the interdeperitlence of progress of cheiniccil toxicology ciictl 'ttiore cheitc icul sufety by luws are discussed.
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