Die Temperamente in den Familien der monopolaren und bipolaren phasischen Psychosen

Leonhard, Karl; Korff, Ingrid; Schulz, H.

doi:10.1159/000131146

Cited by 129 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The relevant observations were presented independently by Angst in Switzerland (1966), Perris in Sweden (1966), and Winokur and Clayton in the United States (1967). A harbinger of these convergent findings had occurred when Leonhard et al (1962) had demon strated that there were familial differences in families of manies and depressives. What, in fact happened, was that these investigators split bipolar illness off from the large mass of the affective disorders.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Division of Depressive Illness into Depression Spectrum Disease and Pure Depressive Disease

Winokur¹

1974

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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From the data presented above we believe that there are two types of depressive illnesses. One of these is depression spectrum disease, the prototype of which is the early onset female who has considerable alcoholism among primary male relatives and more depression in female than male relatives. The other type is pure depressive disease which has as its prototype the late onset male. The late onset male has equal amounts of depression in male and female relatives and no familial increase in alcoholism over ordinary expectation. Depression spectrum disease is characterized also by having a higher degree of total familial illness (alcoholism + depression) than pure depressive disease. It is entirely possible that there are considerable differences in response to treatment in these groups. For further study the presence of alcoholism in the family might well be used as a marker for the illness and a group of patients who have alcoholism in primary relatives compared to a group of patients in whom no alcoholism is found. These findings present a differentiation based on family background, which quite possibly is genetic. Not only may there be a differential response to various treatments between depression spectrum disease and pure depressive disease but there may be considerable differences in symptomatology and course of illness.

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confidence: 99%

The Division of Depressive Illness into Depression Spectrum Disease and Pure Depressive Disease

Winokur¹

1974

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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“…However, while some factors that influence AER amplitude have been delineated (46,53,54), a number of other possibilities exist. For the present, therefore, we will merely note that unipolar-bipolar AER differences have been regularly observed in our previous studies (36,42), and that a large number of other clinical, biological, and pharmacological differences have been reported in comparisons of these two subgroups of depressed patients (52,(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Intravenous l-DOPA Plus Carbidopa in Depressed Patients: Average Evoked Response, Learning, and Behavioral Changes

Buchsbaum

Murphy

1976

Psychosomatic Medicine

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The peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa (L-alphamethyl-dopa-hydrazine) allowed safe intravenous administration of L-DOPA in amounts sufficient to alter cortical average evoked response (AER) and learning function in 13 depressed patients. The apparently rapid conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine, as reported from studies in animals, is consistent with the 20-30 min onset of effects seen in our study. Unipolar and bipolar depressed patients responded differently to the alterations in brain biogenic amines and also to the nonspecific stress of the experiment. Intravenous L-DOPA given acutely had effects on the AER that were similar to those documented with oral dopa given chronically--an augmentation of amplitude--intensity slopes in unipolar patients and a relative reduction of slopes in bipolar patients. In contrast, intravenous L-DOPA did not enhance verbal learning as did chronic oral treatment, but rather was associated with reduced learning compared with placebo infusions. Different neurochemical changes following L-DOPA given in single intravenous doses may be responsible for the different learning and behavioral changes form those found previously with oral dopa administered chronically.

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“…When we classify bipolar and unipolar illnesses under different rubrics, ac cording to the criteria established by Angst and Perris (1); Angst (2);Leonhard et al (6), and Perris (14,15), then the morbidity risk for the two sexes becomes more distinct. Our data relating to the estimates of affected first-degree relatives of bipolar index cases indicate that a higher incidence of psychiatric, and in particular affective, disturbance appears in female relatives of bipolar probands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Affective Disorders II

Shopsin¹,

Mendlewicz²,

Suslak³

et al. 1976

Neuropsychobiology

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Morbidity risk and genetic transmission data on a small population of bipolar, unipolar and schizo-affective outpatients suggest a possible genetic overlap between bipolar and schizo-affective patients. There is a conspicuous absence of a homologous illness in the relatives of schizo-affective probands, although the incidence of schizophrenia was higher in these relatives as compared to the relatives of either bipolar or unipolar probands. The data, although tentative because of the relatively small numbers involved, suggest a multifactorial mode of transmission in some affective illnesses. These disease entities appear familial rather than ‘genetically transmitted`. There are select families who show the heritable genetic penetrance previously recorded for these mental disorders.

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Die Temperamente in den Familien der monopolaren und bipolaren phasischen Psychosen

Cited by 129 publications

References 0 publications

The Division of Depressive Illness into Depression Spectrum Disease and Pure Depressive Disease

The Division of Depressive Illness into Depression Spectrum Disease and Pure Depressive Disease

Intravenous l-DOPA Plus Carbidopa in Depressed Patients: Average Evoked Response, Learning, and Behavioral Changes

Genetics of Affective Disorders II

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