Die sagittal-flexorische Bewegung der menschlichen Halswirbelsäule

Motion in the Cervical Spine: An Experimental Study on Autopsy Specimens

“…Virchow's (1928) method of plaster impressions, will cause slackness in the moulds when the specimen has been freed from the soft parts, resulting in linear errors in measurement. The use of steel pins, inserted into the vertebrae gives favourable results only if the motion occurs in one plane.…”

Giovanni Borelli and the Study of Human Movement: An Historical Review

“…Virchow undertook painstaking preparation of cadaver spines to determine sagittal plane movement. The results from this he compared with in vivo spine movement in contortionists (this being of questionable relevance) 14 , 89 …”

Degenerative changes in the cervical spine and their relationship to its mobility

“…The mobility of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane has been measured in both autopsy specimens (Virchow, 1928;Ball and Meijers, 1964;Lysell, 1969) and living subjects (Virchow, 1928;Bakke, 1931;de Seze et al, 1951;Albers, 1954;Buetti-Bauml, 1954;Buck et al, 1959;Kottke and Mundale, 1959;Penning, 1960;Ferlic, 1962;Bennett et al, 1963;Schoening and Hannan, 1964;Colachis and Strohm, 1965;Bhalla and Simmons, 1969; Johnson et af., 1977). The number of investigated spines was small in most of these studies, and with few exceptions the upper two vertebrae were disregarded.…”