Die Routineuntersuchung der Blutalkoholkonzentration mit dem Gaschromatographen

Machata, G

doi:10.1007/bf01219406

Cited by 41 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Acetone (189) and ethyl acetate (190) have been used as internal standards for the gas chromatographic determination of ethanol. This technique and enzymatic methods (191) have become widely used for estimation of ethanol in blood samples.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol

Logsdon¹

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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ETHANOL 1 a Refs. 6-14. b To convert kPa to atm, divide by 101.3. c To convert J to cal, divide by 4.184. d To convert C·m to debye, divide by 3.336 × 10 −30 (esu = D × 10 −18 ) .A summary of physical properties of ethyl alcohol is presented in Table 1. Detailed information on the vapor pressure, density, and viscosity of ethanol can be obtained from References 6-14. A listing of selected binary and ternary azeotropes of ethanol is compiled in Reference 15. Chemical PropertiesThe chemistry of ethyl alcohol is largely that of the hydroxyl group, namely, reactions of dehydration, dehydrogenation, oxidation, and esterification. The hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group can be replaced by an active metal, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, to form a metal ethoxide (ethylate) with the evolution of hydrogen gas (see Alkoxides, metal). 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 M −→ 2 C 2 H 5 OM + H 2 Sodium ethoxide [141-52-6] can be prepared by the reaction of absolute ethyl alcohol and sodium, or by refluxing absolute ethyl alcohol with anhydrous sodium hydroxide (16): CH 3 CH 2 OH + NaOH −→ CH 3 CH 2 ONa + H 2 O ETHANOL 3Commercially, water is removed by azeotropic distillation with benzene (17). Sodium ethoxide precipitates upon addition of anhydrous acetone (18). This strong base hydrolyzes readily to give ethyl alcohol and sodium and hydroxyl ions.Sodium ethoxide can also be prepared by the reaction of sodium amalgam with ethyl alcohol.Sodium ethoxide is used in organic synthesis as a condensing and reducing agent. The reaction between sodium ethoxide and sulfur monochloride yields diethyl thiosulfite (19).2 CH 3 CH 2 ONa + S 2 Cl 2 −→ (CH3CH2O) 2 S 2 + 2 NaCl Barbiturates (Veronal, Barbital, Luminal, Amytal), ethyl orthoformate, and other chemicals are produced commercially from sodium ethoxide.Aluminum and magnesium also react to form ethoxides, but the reaction must be catalyzed by amalgamating the metal (adding a small amount of mercury).6 CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2 Al −→ 2 (CH3CH2O) 3 Al + 3 H 2 2 CH 3 CH 2 OH + Mg −→ (CH3CH2O) 2 Mg + H 2 Well-cleaned aluminum filings react at room temperature in the presence of mercuric chloride (20, 21). In an autoclave, metallic aluminum and ethyl alcohol react without a catalyst at 120 • C (22). The reaction can also be promoted by the addition of sodium ethoxide (23). Aluminum should be avoided as a material of construction for ethanol service.Other reactions involving the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group in ethyl alcohol include the opening of epoxide rings to form hydroxy ethers, and the addition to acetylene [74-86-2] to form ethyl vinyl ether [104-92-2].These reactions are carried out in the presence of acidic and basic catalysts. The acid-catalyzed addition of ethyl alcohol to acetylene or to a vinyl ether produces acetals (diethers of 1,1-dihydroxyethane). The acid-catalyzed reaction of ethyl alcohol with an aldehyde or ketone also gives acetals.The hydroxyl group can be replaced by halogens from inorganic acid halides or phosphorus halides to give two different products, ethyl esters of the...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol

Logsdon¹

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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“…GLC analysis involving liquid injection requires that about 1-5 μL of the diluted blood sample is injected into the instrument for analysis. The gold-standard method used in modern forensic laboratories for analysis of ethanol and other volatiles in blood is HS sampling, which has the advantage that the injection port and GC column are not contaminated with non-volatile components of the biological samples, such as fats and protein (Machata, 1962).…”

Section: Preparation Of Samples For Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol, its analysis in blood and breath for forensic purposes, impairment effects, and acute toxicity

Jones

2019

WIREs Forensic Science

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Alcohol (ethanol) is man's favorite recreational drug and the psychoactive substance most often encountered in forensic toxicology casework; impaired driving cases, sexual assaults, and drug intoxication deaths. Because of the legal consequences of a person's blood-or breath-alcohol concentration (BAC or BrAC), the analytical methods used must be accurate, precise, and fit for purpose. The gold standard method for determination of ethanol in blood and other biological specimens is gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector, although some laboratories also use a mass spectrometric detector. Also widely used for legal purposes are breath-alcohol analyzers; at the roadside as screening tests and also as evidence for prosecution of traffic offenders. Evidential instruments determine ethanol in exhaled breath by infrared spectrometry at wavelengths of 3.4 and/or 9.5 μm or by electrochemical oxidation with a fuel-cell detector. The impairment of body functions after drinking alcohol depend on the amount consumed (the dose), the speed of drinking and the BAC reaching the brain. After drinking 1-2 units of alcohol (~16 g ethanol) people become more talkative and feel less inhibited (BAC <50 mg%). Cognitive and psychomotor functions are impaired as BAC reaches 80 mg% and at 150 mg% the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication are much more obvious including slurred speech, lack of coordination, confusion, and combativeness. On reaching BACs of 300-400 mg% most people are incapacitated and/or unconscious with slow and shallow breathing and at risk of death from paralysis of respiratory centers in the brain stem.

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“…Machata introduced at first in 1962 gas chromatography for the detection of blood ethanol and improved this method subsequently [9][10][11]. The principle is unchanged until today.…”

Section: The Detection Of Ethanol In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%