Die psychomotorischen Störungen und ihr Verhältnis zu den Motilitätsstörungen bei Erkrankungen der Stammganglien. pp. 253–277

Kleist, Karl

doi:10.1159/000190588

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…14 37-38 These iterations have previously been described in postencephalitic parkinsonism,15 39 as well as in many neuropsychiatric disorders 2425 28 29 32 33 38 40 41 Type 2 was a non-fluent, well articulated iteration, pronounced with constant loudness and rate. This was produced in a staccato-like manner and resembled earlier descriptions of stuttering in Parkinson's disease 10…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease

Benke

2000

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &Amp; Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease

Benke

2000

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &Amp; Psychiatry

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“…There were similar ambiguities in descriptipons of postencephalitic parkinsonism. Motor slowing (bradykinesia 34 or akinesia 44 ) could be ''the most striking if not the sole feature of the pseudoparkinsonian syndrome.'' 45 Weakness and fatigue were recognized manifestations of PD, 46 and ''fatigue parkinsonism'' was described in EL.…”

Section: Lethargy As a Movement Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…44,80 Wilson claimed that the elements of EL could all be encountered in other diseases. 31 However, many observers (including Wilson) used words such as ''striking,'' ''remarkable,'' ''curious,'' and ''strange,'' suggesting that some clinical phenomena were essentially unprecedented.…”

Section: Theoretical Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On doing nothing: Descriptions of sleep, fatigue, and motivation in encephalitis lethargica

Ward

2011

Movement Disorders

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Epidemics of encephalitis lethargica (EL), from 1917 to the 1930s, are an important milestone in the history of movement disorders. Today, the two best-known features of EL are somnolence and parkinsonism but the full clinical picture was variable and complex. States of wakeful inactivity--as opposed to drowsiness--were often described both in the acute and postacute stages and were referred to in the EL literature as "lethargy" or "torpor." The study described here is based on a survey of clinical descriptions published in English, French, and German from 1917 to 1942. Its focus is on the history of clinical ideas, rather than applying modern pathophysiological concepts retrospectively. Descriptions of lethargy are explored as a way of elucidating concepts of sleep, fatigue, and motivation during the study period. The literature described many patients who had (1) lethargy without interruption in consciousness; (2) slowness of movement and catalepsy without other prominent parkinsonian features; and (3) apathy and lack of initiative without severe disorders of mood or thought content. Hence observers distinguished a state of wakeful inactivity from primary disorders of sleep, movement and behavior. Contemporaneous accounts suggest that writers had difficulty in reconciling their observations with preexisting concepts; there still may be limitations in our ability to describe and classify the clinical states connected during the epidemic era with the term "lethargy."

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“…At this point he came to work at the Erlangen psychiatric hospital. By including newly gained knowledge on the functions of the basal ganglia, his models were later further improved and extended (Kleist, 1922). The subtitle of his manuscript reveals the whole range of disturbances put under dispute and elaborated upon: 'Hyperkinetic phenomena, disturbances of thought, hypochondriac and affective disorders with akinetic and hyperkinetic patients' (Kleist, 1909;Fig.…”

Section: The Erlangen Years: 1909-16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Karl Kleist (1879–1960) – A Pioneer of Neuropsychiatry

Neumärker¹,

Bartsch

2003

Hist Psychiatry

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Karl Kleist (1879-1960) was instrumental in pioneering German neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology, including the description of frontal, constructional, limb-kinetic (innervatory) and psychomotor apraxias, frontal akinesia and aspontaneity, as well as object and form blindness. Besides isolating episodic twilight states, involutional paranoia and symptomatic (especially influenza) psychoses, he was particularly involved in applying Wernicke's syndromatic and Kraepelin's prognostic and aetiological principles to classify "neurogenous" psychoses by refuting the assumption of mixed entities whenever possible. Thus, has phasophrenias denoted manic-depressive illness, unipolar affective disorders and marginal, i.e., atypical psychoses. The rather benign cycloid psychoses form the most prominent examples of the latter. Schizophrenias, on the other hand, were limited to poor long-term catamnestic outcomes. Kleist conceptualized the core group of schizophrenic illness as psychic system diseases-hence the origin of the term "systematic schizophrenias" within the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard School. Kleist was mainly influenced by Wernicke and his psychic reflex arc, but Ernst Mach's empiriocriticism, Theodor Meynert's cerebral connectionism, and associationism also shaped his outlook. Kleist's localization of cerebral functions by lesion analyses was indeed the best available at the time and continues to reveal insights to the interested reader. From his Frankfurt School, which may have been the last of a completely unified neuropsychiatry, came sound representatives of psychiatry, neurology and neurosurgery. His technical mastery and achievements seem indisputable, but his balancing acts during the Third Reich may today be questioned. Despite joining the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) and the local Court of Genealogical Health (Erbgesundheitsgericht), Kleist was, however, one of the few German physicians who continued to treat Jewish patients, to employ Jewish colleagues and to voice evident criticism of the policies of "eugenics" and "euthanasia". This paper attempts to illuminate Kleist's biography and life's work in the relevant historical context.

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Die psychomotorischen Störungen und ihr Verhältnis zu den Motilitätsstörungen bei Erkrankungen der Stammganglien. pp. 253–277

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease

Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson's disease

On doing nothing: Descriptions of sleep, fatigue, and motivation in encephalitis lethargica

Karl Kleist (1879–1960) – A Pioneer of Neuropsychiatry

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