Die Ostsee atmet auf

Naumann, Michael; Nausch, Günther

doi:10.1002/ciuz.201400695

“…Of special interest are the transport properties of hydrogen sulde, which appears in many marine environments. [45][46][47] The study of Merkel and Toy (2006) 51 revealed CO 2 /H 2 S selectivities much larger than 1 for peruorinated polymers in contrast to silicone rubber ( Table 1). The reason for this effect is low H 2 S solubility, caused by unfavourable interactions between the penetrant and the uorinated polymer.…”

Section: Effect Of Protective Coating On Response Times and Longterm mentioning

confidence: 97%

Highly sensitive poisoning-resistant optical carbon dioxide sensors for environmental monitoring

Fritzsche

¹

,

Gruber

²

,

Schutting

³

et al. 2017

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“…The total volume change can be separated between the Belt Sea and the Sound Sea (see Methods) and then amounts to 169 and 29 , respectively, giving a ratio of 8:1.4, which is close to the previously estimated ratio of 8:2 30 . The recent volume change is comparable to the volume transport induced by the storms Christian in October 2013 (201 11 ) and Ev and Feliz in March 2014 (203 12 ) and significantly larger than the volume change induced by the storm Xaver in December 2013 (147 11 , 12 ). It has been shown that the consecutive events in late 2013 (storm Christian) and early 2014 (Stroms Ev and Feliz), without being listed as strong MBIs, had an effective ventilation impact in the deep Gotland basin 12 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Earlier storm events during the last decade, e.g. Christian (October 2013), Xaver (December 2013), Danli, Ev and Feliz (February to March 2014) and their impacts on the volume transport into the Baltic Sea and the oxygenation of the Bornholm Basin were addressed in previous studies 11 , 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of a moderate major Baltic Sea inflow in December 2023

Purkiani,

Jochumsen,

Fischer

2024

Sci Rep

0

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Just before Christmas 2023, the low-pressure system storm “Zoltan” struck Germany, resulting in widespread damage and two consecutive large storm surges on the North Sea coast in the night from Thursday 21 December 2023 to Friday 22 December 2023. Storm Zoltan brought heavy rainfall, accompanied by thunderstorms and winds ranging between 90 and 115 $$\mathrm {km\,h^{-1}}$$ km h - 1 , with gusts reaching up to 140 $$\mathrm {km\,h^{-1}}$$ km h - 1 along the coast which caused severe damage, particularly in northern Germany. Characteristics of the inflowing water at the Fehmarn Belt buoy (FEB), Darss Sill station (DAR) and the Arkona Basin buoy (ARK), including salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and ocean currents properties, were analysed to understand the impact of storm Zoltan in the western Baltic Sea. In addition to the damage along its path, following the onset of strong westerly winds associated with storm Zoltan, a large volume of water, containing saline (17–22 psu), cold (5–6 °C), and oxygen-rich 7–8 ($$\,\mathrm { ml\,l^{-1}}$$ ml l - 1 ) water from the Kattegat and the North Sea reached into the western Baltic Sea. The sea level at Landsort Norra increased by +57 cm over a period of 14 days, from 15 December to 29 December 2023. This resulted in a total volume change of 198 $$\mathrm {km^3}$$ km 3 in the entire Baltic Sea, with 169 $$\mathrm {km^3}$$ km 3 and 29 $$\mathrm {km^3}$$ km 3 provided via the Belt Sea and the Sound Sea, respectively. Observations at the DAR indicated a significant inflow between 19 December 2023 and 1 January 2024 with salinity above 13 psu, temperature below 5.5 °C and dissolved oxygen of about 7.5–8 $$\mathrm { ml\,l^{-1}}$$ ml l - 1 . While the maximum salinity of the bottom layer at the DAR was about 17 psu, the ARK exhibited significantly higher salinities, reaching up to 22 psu at the bottom layer. During the main inflow period, 75 $$\mathrm {km^3}$$ km 3 of highly saline water entered the western Baltic Sea. This corresponds to an average salt transport of 1.75 Gt into the western Baltic Sea (1.39 Gt from the Belt Sea and 0.36 Gt from the Sound Sea), representing more than 20% of the total annual salt import into the Baltic Sea), which places the event in the moderate range of major Baltic inflows. This event brought an amount of about 0.8 $$\mathrm {10^6}$$ 10 6 t oxygen into the Baltic Sea. This was the strongest inflow into the Baltic Sea since 2016.

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“…The total volume change is separated between the Belt Sea and the Sound Sea as 169 and 29 km 3 , giving a ratio of 8:1.4, which is close to the previous ratio of 8:2 14 . The recent volume change is comparable to the volume transport induced by the storms Christian in October 2013 (201 km 3 ) and Ev and Feliz in March 2014 (203 km 3 ) and significantly larger than the volume change induced by the storm Xaver in December 2013 (147 km 3 ) 9 .…”

Section: Calculation Of Volume and Salt Transportmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The inflows are therefore essential for oxygenating and maintaining the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea 7 . The earlier storm events Christian (October 2013, 8,9 ), Xaver (December 2013, 8,9 ), Danli, Ev and Feliz (February to March 2014, 9 ) and their impacts on the volume transport into the Baltic Sea and the oxygenation of the Bornholm basin were addressed in previous studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of a moderate Major Baltic Sea inflow in December 2023

Purkiani,

Jochumsen,

Fischer

2024

Preprint

0

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Just before Christmas 2023, the low-pressure system storm "Zoltan" struck Germany, resulting in widespread damage and two consecutive large storm surges on the North Sea coast in the night from Thursday 21 December 2023 to Friday 22 December 2023. Storm Zoltan brought heavy rainfall, accompanied by thunderstorms and winds ranging between 90 and 115 km h-1, with gusts reaching up to 140 km h-1 along the coast. Besides major rail service disruption and Christmas market clousers, it caused extreme flooding in northern Germany, e.g., in Hamburg St. Pauli sea level height rose to more than 3 m above mean high water level on 22 December 2023, flooding the historic Hamburg fish market. Characteristics of the inflowing water at the Darss Sill (DAR) and the Arkona basin buoy (ARK), including salinity, temperature, oxygen concentration and current properties, were analysed to understand the impact of storm Zoltan in the western Baltic Sea.In addition to the damage along its path, following the onset of strong westerly winds associated with storm Zoltan, a large volume of water, containing saline (17-22 psu), cold (5-6°C), and oxygen-rich (7-8 ml l-1) water from the North Sea reaches into the western Baltic Sea. The sea level at Landsort Norra increased by +57 cm over a period of 14 days, from December 15 to December 29 2023. This results in a total volume change of 198 $\mathrm{km^3}$ in the Baltic Sea, with 169 $\mathrm{km^3}$ and 29 $\mathrm{km^3}$ provided via the Belt Sea and the Sound Sea, respectively. Observations at the Darss Sill station indicate a significant inflow between 19 December 2023 and 1 January 2024 with salinity above 13 psu, temperature below 5.5°C and dissolved oxygen concentration of about 7.5-8 ml l-1. While the maximum salinity of the bottom layer at Darss Sill is about 17 psu, the Arkona Basin buoy exhibits significantly higher salinities, reaching up to 22 psu at the bottom layer. During the main inflow period, 75 km3 of highly saline water enters the western Baltic Sea. This corresponds to a salt transport of 1.65 Gt into the western Baltic Sea (1.33 Gt from the Belt Sea and 0.32 Gt from the Sound Sea), which classifies the event in the moderate range of Major Baltic Sea inflows (MBI). This is the strongest inflow into the Baltic Sea since 2016.

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Die Ostsee atmet auf

Cited by 3 publications

References 70 publications

Highly sensitive poisoning-resistant optical carbon dioxide sensors for environmental monitoring

Highly sensitive poisoning-resistant optical carbon dioxide sensors for environmental monitoring

Observation of a moderate major Baltic Sea inflow in December 2023

Observation of a moderate Major Baltic Sea inflow in December 2023

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