Die Mischkontakte

Natta, G.; Rigamonti, R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8040-2_4

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Several mechanisms have been proposed for ethanol to butadiene over the years. [25][26][27][28] The mechanism for the formation of butadiene and possible side products originally proposed by M. Y. Kagan in 1933 is summarized in Scheme 1. [29,30] The basic steps involve: (i) dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, (ii) aldol condensation of acetaldehyde to 3hydroxybutanal (acetaldol), (iii) dehydration of 3-hydroxybutanal to crotonaldehyde, (iv) Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of crotonaldehyde by hydrogen transfer from ethanol to yield crotyl alcohol and (v) dehydration of crotyl alcohol to butadiene.…”

Section: Mechanistic Pathways For Ethanol To Butadienementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Catalysts for the Conversion of Ethanol to Butadiene

Samsudin

Zhang

Jaenicke

et al. 2020

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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Butadiene is an important monomer for synthetic rubbers. Currently, the annual demand of ∼16 million tonnes is satisfied by butadiene produced as a byproduct of steam naphtha cracking where ethylene and propylene are the main products. The availability of large amounts of shale gas and condensates in the USA since about 2008 has led to a change in the cracker feed from naphtha to ethane and propane, affecting the amount of butadiene obtained. This has provided the impetus to look into direct processes for butadiene production. One option is the eco‐friendly conversion of (bio) ethanol to butadiene (ETB). This process had been developed in the 1930s in the then Soviet Union. It was operated on a large scale in USA during World War II but has since been abandoned in favour of petroleum‐based processes. The current trend, driven both by the availability of the raw material and ecological considerations, may make this process feasible again, particularly if the catalytic systems can be improved. This critical review discusses recent catalysts for the ETB process with special focus on the development since 2014, benchmarking them against earlier systems with a large database of operational experience.

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Section: Mechanistic Pathways For Ethanol To Butadienementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Catalysts for the Conversion of Ethanol to Butadiene

Samsudin

Zhang

Jaenicke

et al. 2020

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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“…The ratio of catalyst component is induced to high yield butadiene, for example, the elemental composition of the favored catalyst achieve from 42 wt% butadiene selectivity with the catalyst which composes of 44.6 wt% of magnesia and 10 wt% of silica. [1] [22] Although. The data of the one-step process from the literature were insufficient because they were protected by patents.…”

Section: Catalysts In the One-step Ethanol Based Butadiene Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The butadiene yield of 30-40% and a butadiene selectivity of 50-60% are obtained by a mixture of ethanol-acetaldehyde mixture as a feedstock. [1,21,22] Toussaint et al [22] studied the effect of the reaction temperature, the feed ratio of ethanol to Acetaldehyde and the space velocity of the catalyst activity. The study uses 2 %wt.…”

Section: Catalyst In the Two-step Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation And Evaluation Of Butadiene Production From Ethanol Via One-Step Reaction

Imsaard

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1,3-butadiene is an important compound produced from the steam cracking process. Raising demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has led to an increase in bio-derived ethanol production, which can also be used as a feedstock for 1,3-butadiene synthesis. This research investigated the simulation of 1,3-butadiene production from ethanol using one-step process with 1.AI2O3/ZnO (60:40), 2.MgO-SiO2-Na2O (1:1)(0.1%) and 3.Hf2.5ZM1.6/SiO2 as heterogeneous catalysts. The process simulation was carried out using commercial Aspen plus 8.0 program and the heat utilization efficiency was evaluated by Aspen energy analyzer software. The process optimal condition sequences were identified by adjusting the separation distillation parameters which include the number of stages, feed location, distillate to feed ratio (D/F), reflux ratio and condenser pressure. To assess the process energy usage, the parameters examined are heat duty in separation column, total utility requirement, and energy saving. The results show that MgO-SiO2-Na2O (1:1)(0.1%) catalyst provides the highest production rate of 62,676 kg/hr. From heat integration, Hf2.5ZM1.6/SiO2 catalyst has the highest heat duty in separation column (17.14 MJ/kg.) and�AI2O3/ZnO (60:40) catalyst has the lowest heat duty in separation column (0.5 MJ/kg.) Moreover. MgO-SiO2 -Na2O (1:1)(0.1%) has the lowest total utility requirement (5.72 MJ/kg.) Finally,Hf2.5ZM1.6/SiO2 process has the most energy saving after all total energy requirements have been assessed.

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Zur Wirkung von Alkali‐Promotoren auf Eisenkatalysatoren. III. Mitteilung: über den Einfluß der Vorerhitzungstemperatur und von Promotorzusätzen auf die Porenstruktur gefällter Eisen(III)‐oxyde

Kölbel

Schöttle

1961

Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft

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Von einer Anzahl Eisenoxydpäparaten, aus denen durch Reduktion aktive Eisenkatalysatoren hergestellt werden können, wurden aus den Stickstoff‐Tieftemperatur‐Isothermen die Porengrößenverteilungen ermittelt. Die Präparate unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Temperungstemperaturen und in bezug auf die Promotorgehalte. Als Promotoren wurden Kaliumkarbonat allein (0,2 Gew.‐%) und Kaliumkarbonat (zwischen 0,25 bis 0,6 Gew.‐%) gemeinsam mit Kupfer (0,2 Gew.‐%) eingesetzt. Die Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß sowohl Kaliumkarbonat in dem oben bezeichneten Konzen‐trationsbereich allein als auch in Gegenwart geringer Mengen Kupfer die Ausbildung eines Porenradien‐Verteilungsspektrums mit relativ kleinem häufigstem Porenradius und enger Verteilung begünstigen. Der strukturstabilisierende Einfluß des K2CO3 ist konzentrationsabhängig und bei den Grünkornpräparaten mit den Promotorzusäten von 0,2 Gew.‐% K2CO3, 0,25 Gew.‐%K2CO3 mit 0,2 Gew.‐%Cu und 0,6 Gew.‐% K2CO3 mit 0,2 Gew.‐% Cu am stärksten ausgeprägt.

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Die Mischkontakte

Cited by 4 publications

References 290 publications

Recent Advances in Catalysts for the Conversion of Ethanol to Butadiene

Recent Advances in Catalysts for the Conversion of Ethanol to Butadiene

Simulation And Evaluation Of Butadiene Production From Ethanol Via One-Step Reaction

Zur Wirkung von Alkali‐Promotoren auf Eisenkatalysatoren. III. Mitteilung: über den Einfluß der Vorerhitzungstemperatur und von Promotorzusätzen auf die Porenstruktur gefällter Eisen(III)‐oxyde

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