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München, im März 2009 AbstractThe growing complexity of IT services poses new challenges to IT Service Management (ITSM). The issue of end-to-end service quality challenges service providers, as most services are no longer realized stand-alone by a single provider but composed of multiple building blocks supplied by several providers. In the past, relationships between service providers were organised according to a hierarchical model: a service provider offers services to his customers and relies on a set of underpinning services delivered by sub-providers to realize these services. In their current releases, both the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) and the Enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) stress that due to new sourcing strategies, market trends like e-business or regulatory policies new necessities and also opportunities for collaboration between service providers arise. Beyond the hierarchical model, alternative forms of provider cooperation gain importance, where multiple providers aim to co-provide services jointly and have to coordinate their activities on an equal footing. The specification of inter-organisational processes is a precondition for delivering advanced services in a cooperation of IT service providers. However, the existing ITSM frameworks fail to provide reference processes for scenarios beyond hierarchy. IT providers are left in the lurch with the nontrivial task of defining concise, yet unambigious specifications of inter-organisational ITSM processes as a basis for their cooperation.In order to be able to concentrate on the challenges of inter-organizational ITSM scenarios not covered by existing frameworks, this thesis is focused on the so-called class of Concatenated Services, i.e. services provided as a sequence of partial services at the same technical layer by a set of independent providers. In contrast to well-known scenarios, like IP Peering and Transit between Autonomous Systems in the Internet, Concatenated Services are offered with tight end-to-end service quality guarantees and managed according to the best practices of service orientation.In the first part of the thesis, a thorough analysis of management challenges based on real scenarios is given and specific requirements for the definition of ITSM processes for Concatenated Services are derived which are used for a review of related work. The concept of Coordination Patterns is introduced as a means of categorisation of the numerous types of provider cooperation. Even though quite a lot of research has been performed in the areas of ITSM on the one hand and on information and process modelling languages on the other hand, the application of general-purpose languages on the definition of inter-organisational ITSM processes is barely covered. To address this issue, the new method ITSMCooP (ITSM Processes for Cooperating Providers) is presented in the main part. Based on the process modelling language BPMN and the Shared Information/Data Model (SID), the method consists of a collection of modeling conventions and recomm...
München, im März 2009 AbstractThe growing complexity of IT services poses new challenges to IT Service Management (ITSM). The issue of end-to-end service quality challenges service providers, as most services are no longer realized stand-alone by a single provider but composed of multiple building blocks supplied by several providers. In the past, relationships between service providers were organised according to a hierarchical model: a service provider offers services to his customers and relies on a set of underpinning services delivered by sub-providers to realize these services. In their current releases, both the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) and the Enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) stress that due to new sourcing strategies, market trends like e-business or regulatory policies new necessities and also opportunities for collaboration between service providers arise. Beyond the hierarchical model, alternative forms of provider cooperation gain importance, where multiple providers aim to co-provide services jointly and have to coordinate their activities on an equal footing. The specification of inter-organisational processes is a precondition for delivering advanced services in a cooperation of IT service providers. However, the existing ITSM frameworks fail to provide reference processes for scenarios beyond hierarchy. IT providers are left in the lurch with the nontrivial task of defining concise, yet unambigious specifications of inter-organisational ITSM processes as a basis for their cooperation.In order to be able to concentrate on the challenges of inter-organizational ITSM scenarios not covered by existing frameworks, this thesis is focused on the so-called class of Concatenated Services, i.e. services provided as a sequence of partial services at the same technical layer by a set of independent providers. In contrast to well-known scenarios, like IP Peering and Transit between Autonomous Systems in the Internet, Concatenated Services are offered with tight end-to-end service quality guarantees and managed according to the best practices of service orientation.In the first part of the thesis, a thorough analysis of management challenges based on real scenarios is given and specific requirements for the definition of ITSM processes for Concatenated Services are derived which are used for a review of related work. The concept of Coordination Patterns is introduced as a means of categorisation of the numerous types of provider cooperation. Even though quite a lot of research has been performed in the areas of ITSM on the one hand and on information and process modelling languages on the other hand, the application of general-purpose languages on the definition of inter-organisational ITSM processes is barely covered. To address this issue, the new method ITSMCooP (ITSM Processes for Cooperating Providers) is presented in the main part. Based on the process modelling language BPMN and the Shared Information/Data Model (SID), the method consists of a collection of modeling conventions and recomm...
Known since the 1890s, diamidophosphate (DAP) has been investigated within the context of its inorganic chemistry. In 1999 – with the demonstration of DAP's potential as a phosphorylating agent of sugars in aqueous medium – began the exciting phase of research about DAP's role as a plausible prebiotic phosphorylating agent. More recently, in the last five years, there has been a steady increase in the publications that have documented the surprising versatility of DAP enabling the emergence of many classes of biomolecules of life, such as nucleic acids, peptides and protocells. Thus, though in its infancy, DAP seems to be uniquely positioned to play a central role in modelling abiotic‐ to prebiotic‐chemical evolution. In this context, there is a need for systematic investigations for: (a) establishing DAP's likely availability on the early Earth, and (b) developing DAP's potential as a tool for use in synthetic and bioorganic chemistry.
Inhaltsubersieht P,O,, und absolut wasserfreies, fliissiges Ammoniak reagieren erst bei Temperaturen oberhalb 25 "C miteinander. Wird die NH:-Ionenkonzentration durch Spuren von Wasser oder NH,Cl in der GroSenordnung einiger ppm erhoht, tritt auch bei tiefen Temperaturen Reaktion ein. Bei Wassergehalten zwischen 10-5 und 80/, reagieren P,O,, und NH, miteinander, ohne daB Wasser verbraucht wird. Das P/N-Verhiiltnis im Reaktionsprodukt erreicht bei Temperaturen zwischen -40" und -70°C nach 4 Stunden einen Maximalwert von 1/1,91; bei +42"C erreicht das P/N-Verhaltnis nach 2 Monaten einen Maximalwert yon 1/2,36. Die Reaktionsprodukte wurden durch zweidimensionale und praparative Diinnschichtcbromatographie sowie durch Auswertung der IR-Absorptionsspektren qualitatir und quantitativ analysiert. Fur die Ammonolyse bei tiefen Temperaturen konnte aus den XeBergebniysen ein Reaktionsmechanismus abgeleitet werden, dem die dirigierende Wirkung von Amidogruppen') zugrunde gelegt wurde. 81s Zwischenprodukt tritt bei der Ammonolyse nur Diamidotetrametaphosphat, jedoch kein Trimetaphosphat auf. SummaryP40,, and strictly anhydrous liquid ammonia react only a t temperatures higher than 25 "C. If the concentration of NH: ions is rised by a trace of water or NH,Cl in the ppm region, a reaction takes place even a t low temperatures. At concentrations of 10-5 to 8'3, of water, P40,, and KH, react without any consumption of water. The P/N ratio in the react-ion products reache8 a t -40 t o -70°C after 4 hours a maximum value of 111.91 and a t +42 "C after two months a maximum value of 1/2.35. The reaction products have been I ) P. W. SCEIBNIC 11. K. SCHEFFLEB, Angcw. Chem. 77, 1089 (196B). Einleitung Die Reaktion zwischen gasformigem, getrocknetem Ammoniak und P4Ol0 wurde erstmals von SCHIFF 2) 1857 untersucht. Unter starker Warmeentwicklung sollten Phosphaminsaure und Ammoniumphosphimat entstehen. Kach GLADSTONES) wird hauptsachlich Diamidodiphosphorsiiure gebildet. Xach MENTE4) sol1 jedoch nur das Ammoniumsalz der lmidodiphosphorsaure entstehen. H. BILTZ~) bestiitigte jedoch das Ergebnis von GLADSTONE. SANBOURCHE e t al.6) stellten fest, daB uber Natriumdraht getrocknetes Ammoniakgas iiberhaupt nicht mit P40,, reagiert. Mit zunehmendem Wassergehalt des Ammoniaks wachst jedoch die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Als Hauptprodukt der Reaktion wurde das Diammoniumsalz der Amidodiphosphorsaure nachgewiesen, ein 8alz der Diamidodiphosphorsaure wurde nicht gefunden. Wir konnten die Befunde der letztgenannten Autoren insofern bestatigen, daB in der Tat trockenes gasformiges NH, nicht rnit P,O, reagiert. Wurde das KH,-Gas bei Raumtemperatur durch eine mit konzentrierter waBriger Ammoniaklosung gefdllte Waschflasche und ansch1ieBend durch ein mit P4010 gefulltes Rohr geleitet, so war weder eine Temperaturerhohung noch eine heftige Reaktion im Rohr zu beobachten. Da das gasformige NH, unter diesen Bedingungen nur etwa 2% Wasser ' ) enthalt, wurden die Versuche uber mehrere Tage auagedehnt. Als Reaktionsprodukte waren fast ausschliel3lich Hydrolyse...
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