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Estimation of conversion factors for wood stacks in landings and their influencing parameters: a comprehensive literature review for America and Europe

“…Effect of crookedness. Previous research has confirmed that the crookedness in thin logs substantially influences the conversion factors (Reinhold 1951;Bäucker et al 2014b). Consequently, voids are present with higher frequency as a stack is made up of thinner logs, resulting in smaller conversion factors (Forest Service of Newfoundland and Labrador 2016).…”

“…The vast majority of the references confirm that this parameter strongly influences the conversion factors. Research outcomes have shown that the solid wood content increases as the midpoint diameter of the logs increases, i.e., the conversion factors increase if the midpoint diameter does it too (von Seckendorff-Gudent 1878;Baur 1879;Zon 1903;Frothingham 1912;Huffel 1919;Schnur 1932;Schmidt 1940;Barret et al 1941;Keepers 1945;Reinhold 1951;Makkonen 1960;Williams 1968;Nikkilä et al 1974;Pita Carpenter 1984;Sairanen 1987;Zarate do Couto and Magalhães Bastos 1988;Briggs 1994;Bertola et al 2003;Diéguez Aranda et al 2003;Meza-Montoya and Simón 2005;González et al 2010;Ljubojević et al 2011;Bäucker et al 2014a,b;Foelkel 2015;Forest Service of Newfoundland and Labrador 2016;Heinzmann and Barbu 2017;Witkowska and Jodłowski 2018;Jodłowski and Witkowska 2019;De Miguel-Díez et al 2021a, 2022b. This statement is also endorsed by several roundwood measurement guidelines (Schulting 2002;Environment Although research studies have demonstrated the above relationship, there is a disparity in the current measurement guidelines used in different countries.…”

“…Bark share. According to research studies from the middle of the 20th century, the stack's bark share decreases as the stacked logs' midpoint diameter increases (Reinhold 1951;Vorreiter 1954). Studies report this relation for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercus spp.)…”

“…These conversion factors relate the gross and net volumes (o.b. or u.b) (Reinhold 1951), and help to estimate the solid wood content in a stere, metro ruma, or cord (Briggs 1994;Emanuelli et al 1997;Da Crislei Silva 2003). Conversion factors are also known as stack density (Asikainen et al 2009).…”

“…Another way to calculate them consists of dividing the sum of the face areas (circles) by the spatial cross-section. This method is based on the assumption that all logs have the same length (Reinhold 1951). Other authors developed regression models for that purpose (Palo 1969).…”