Die erscheinungsformen des Irreseins

Comorbidity of depression and nonaffective — schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the clinical-epidemiological study EDIP

“…При этом, хотя авторы, подобно M. Birchwood, критически отно-сятся к «жесткой» нозологической дихотомии E. Kraepelin: шизофрения -маниакально-депре-сивный психоз, однако фактически занимают ком-промиссную позицию, согласно которой такая ди-хотомия обоснована, однако не на нозологическом, а на синдромальном уровне 14 . В заключение необходимо подчеркнуть, что ги-потеза, тестируемая в настоящем исследовании, как и материалы некоторых приведенных выше совре-менных публикаций, по целому ряду параметров со-вместимы с концепцией E. Kraepelin о регистрах и дихотомии аффективных и прогредиентных психо-зов, окончательно сформулированной в 1920 г. в пу-бликации «Формы проявления сумасшествия» [66]. Выделив три основных, нарастающих по тяжести регистра (группы) психических расстройств -I -эмоциональные/аффективные, истерические, им-пульсивные, делириозные, паранойяльные рас-стройства; II -шизофрения и вербальный псевдогал-люцинаторный синдром; III -энцефалопатические, олигофренические, cудорожные расстройства -E. Kraepelin приходит к следующему выводу: менее тяжелые расстройства, включая аффективные, если и обнаруживают тесные взаимосвязи, то именно внутри первой группы, максимум -ассоциируются с расстройствами II группы, но точно не с расстрой-ствами III группы.…”

Psychopathology in the 21st century

“…In his Clinical Psychopathology he therefore defi ned disorder catalogues in which different units of mental illness are constituted, such as fi rst-and second-rank symptoms for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, it should be noted that Schneider himself made no nosological claim for his fi ndings (unlike Kraepelin in his early writings, but see Kraepelin 1920) and therefore never referred to the diagnostics of schizophrenia, but instead explicitly pointed out that in all probability this entity would refer to several different disorders that present with similar clinical features and which can therefore be categorised as the group of schizophrenic disorders. Later, a more differentiated view of psychotic conditions incorporating both the nature and narratives of the disorder was forgotten and Schneider's approach was mixed with Kraepelin ' s classifi cations to a " melange diagnostique " and the creation of the ICD-10 category schizophrenia (Musalek 2003;.…”

“…The partnership hence also requires reciprocity and understanding, humanistic inter-subjectivity and hospitality, responsibility and trust, and last to a disinhibition in which phylogenetically old behavioural instances are suppressed. In this context reference should be made above all to the concept of layers developed by John Hughlins Jackson (1932), Emil Kraepelin's (1920) teaching of " preformed mechanisms " of the " human machines " and the pathogenetic basic formula of Kurt Heinrich (1965) according to which the deterioration of highly developed functional organisational structures or a reduction in the level of cerebral function allows a form of regression to archaic functional systems located in proximity to the brain stem which in turn then cause the psychopathological clinical picture of psychosis. These paleopsychopathological theories are supported by a series of empirical psychophysiological, functional-topographical and neuroanatomical studies (Musalek et al 1989;Rajarethinam et al 2001;Ioannides et al 2004, etc.).…”

Misunderstanding Psychopathology as Medical Semiology: An Epistemological Enquiry

“…The psychiatric community accepted these assumptions, as we still seem to do nowadays [16], taking for granted that properly defined concepts would refer to natural kinds of some sort. Besides the conceptual chaos described at the time by Chaslin, major problems were reported with respect to nosological inconsistency based on the lack of semiologic precision [17,18,19]. In the following period, authors such as Karl Jaspers and Ludwig Binswanger went deeper into understanding the lack of semiologic precision and argued that a shift from purely observational/empirical data towards the patient’s internal experience was needed [20,21,22].…”