Die Eicosanoide als Mediatoren beim ARDS

Hm, Loick; Jl, Theissen

doi:10.1055/s-2007-996677

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Upon injury caused by mechanical or thermal stimuli, the AA is broken down into 5-hydroperoxyicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) by lipooxygenase (LOX), and is subsequently hydrolyzed into LTB 4 by leukotriene A 4 (LTA 4 ) hydrolase [76]. LTB 4 is mainly responsible for recruiting neutrophils towards the site of the damaged tissue, whilst simultaneously promoting the production of cytokines [77].…”

Section: Major Types Of Pain-mediated Neurotransmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

Yam

Loh

Tan

et al. 2018

IJMS

425

298

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Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm’s way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience—nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.

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Section: Major Types Of Pain-mediated Neurotransmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

Yam

Loh

Tan

et al. 2018

IJMS

425

298

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…LT synthesis involves the oxidation of AA by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) (56)(57)(58). AA is released from the cell membrane phospholipids by phospholipase 2, which is converted into LTA4 by 5-LOX (59).…”

Section: Measurement Of 5-lox Ltb4 and Cyslts In Hippocampal And Cere...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Specific Increase in Leukotriene Signaling Accompanies Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Gulf War Illness

Attaluri

Upadhya²,

Kodali³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Persistent cognitive impairment is a primary central nervous system-related symptom in veterans afflicted with chronic Gulf War Illness (GWI). Previous studies in a rat model have revealed that cognitive dysfunction in chronic GWI is associated with neuroinflammation, typified by astrocyte hypertrophy, activated microglia, and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine levels. Studies in a mouse model of GWI have also shown upregulation of several phospholipids that serve as reservoirs of arachidonic acid, a precursor of leukotrienes (LTs). However, it is unknown whether altered LT signaling is a component of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions in GWI. Therefore, this study investigated changes in LT signaling in the brain of rats displaying significant cognitive impairments six months after exposure to GWI-related chemicals and moderate stress. The concentration of cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs), LTB4, and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), the synthesizing enzyme of LTs, were evaluated. CysLT and LTB4 concentrations were elevated in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex, along with enhanced 5-LOX expression in neurons and microglia. Such changes were also associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Enhanced CysLT and LTB4 levels in the brain could also be gleaned from their concentrations in brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the circulating blood. The circulating blood in GWI rats displayed elevated proinflammatory cytokines with no alterations in CysLT and LTB4 concentrations. The results provide new evidence that a brain-specific increase in LT signaling is another adverse alteration that potentially contributes to the maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation in GWI. Therefore, drugs capable of modulating LT signaling may reduce neuroinflammation and improve cognitive function in GWI. Additional findings demonstrate that altered LT levels in the brain could be tracked efficiently by analyzing brain-derived EVs in the circulating blood.

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“…Exaggerated levels of leukotriene B 4 have also been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [65,147], cystic fibrosis [57,165], obstructive pulmonary diseases [68,166], sepsis [47,107], adult respiratory distress syndrome [56,132,[138][139][140][141], inflammatory bowel diseases [167,168], and atherosclerosis [58]. These observations led to FDA clinical trials to target the epoxide hydrolase activity of the leukotriene A 4 hydrolase enzyme and the leukotriene B 4 metabolite with several pharmaceutical agents.…”

Section: The Possible Significance Of Leukotriene a 4 Hydrolase Aminomentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase – An Evolving Therapeutic Target

Shim¹,

Paige²

2012

Inflammatory Diseases - Immunopathology, Clinical and Pharmacological Bases

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Die Eicosanoide als Mediatoren beim ARDS

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation

Brain-Specific Increase in Leukotriene Signaling Accompanies Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in a Model of Gulf War Illness

Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase – An Evolving Therapeutic Target

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