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The article contains sections titled: 1. Production of Powder Detergents 1.1. Technology Overview 1.2. Manufacturing Processes 1.2.1. Traditional Spray‐Drying Process 1.2.2. Superheated Steam Drying 1.2.3. Nontower Agglomeration Process 1.2.4. Nontower Compound Technology 1.3. Densification Processes 1.3.1. Dry Densification in a Mixer 1.3.2. Dry Densification in a Spheronizer 1.3.3. Dry Densification in a Roller Press 1.3.4. Wet Granulation 1.3.5. Spaghetti Extrusion 1.3.6. Postaddition Process 1.3.7. Dry Densification in a Tablet Press 1.4. Raw Materials 1.4.1. Anionic Surfactants 1.4.2. Nonionic Surfactants 1.4.3. Builders 1.4.4. Peroxygen Bleaches 1.4.5. Enzymes 2. Analysis of the Composition 2.1. Detergent Ingredients: 2.2. Purposes of Detergent Analysis: 2.3. Sample Preparation: 2.4. Analytical Methods 2.4.1. Qualitative Analysis 2.4.2. Sample Preparation 2.4.3. Quantitative Analysis 2.4.4. Separation Methods: 2.4.5. Structure Determination 2.4.6. Determination of Characteristic Values 2.4.7. Analysis Automation: 2.5. Sources of Information: 3. Test Methods for Laundry Detergents 3.1. Laboratory Methods 3.2. Practical Evaluation 3.3. Consumer Tests 4. Economic Aspects 4.1. Detergent Components 4.1.1. Surfactants 4.1.2. Builders 4.2. Laundry Detergents 4.3. Fabric Softeners 4.4. Other Laundry Aids
Summary:For judging the beheviour of tensides in water there are required not only the results or the conventional methods of determining their biochemical degradability and toxicity, hut also their distribution in the sediment as well a s in animal and vegetable products. Very important are properties a s adsorbability, persistence, sequence of stations in the nutrient chain (bloaccumulation), relations of structure and actions and dose-effect relations. In these investigations also changed effects of combinations of aubstancrs with tensides have to be taken into account; a power plant water and a Baltic Sea sediment being used a s examples. From the variety of tested possibilities of analysing very small amounts of tensides mainly the infrared spectroscopy and t h e thin-layer chromatography have proved t o be successful. By means of special procedures, the detection and the quantitative determinability can be shifted into the nano-and picogram-ranges. EinfiihrungDie Stoffgruppe der Tenside, d. h. der synthetischen grenzflachenaktiven Stoffe i i i i allgenieinen und der synt hetischen Waschrohstoffe oder Detergentien im besonderen, nirnmt ini Produktionsumfang der organisch-cheniischen Industrie neben den Hochpolymeren einen der vorderen Platze ein (KEIL und KRETSCHMAR), ist aber bisher in den Tabellen prioritarer Wasserschadstoffe kauri1 zu finden. Das liegt haupt sachlicli daran, daB bei der Beurteilung der Giftwirkung einer Uniweltcheniikalie irn aquatischen Milieu nach wie vor die akute Toxizitat iiii Vordergrund steht (HUBER). Wegen der raschen und weitgehenden biologischen Abbaubarkeit der iiieisten derzeit produzierten synthetischen Tenside ( SCHOBERL und BOCK) bleiben normalerweise deren Gehake selbst in stark verschinutzten Oberflachenwassern im Bereich von 0,1 mg/1
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