Die Bedeutung der Epidermisleiste für die Entwicklung der Beine von Xenopus laevis Daud

Tschumi, Pierre-André

doi:10.5962/bhl.part.75474

Cited by 18 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…It was quickly recognized that they were suitable experimental animals, and scientists started to enable and improve their husbandry and breeding. Since adult clawed frogs, in particular, are undemanding in terms of husbandry, they can be kept and bred for long periods with little effort [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Their use and application as a testing method for pregnancy until the 1960s earned the frogs the nickname "Apothekerfrosch" (pharmacy frog) in Germany.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the body condition score for adult female Xenopus laevis

et al. 2023

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The assessment of animals’ health and nutritional status using a Body Condition Score (BCS) has become a common and reliable tool in lab-animal science. It enables a simple, semi-objective, and non-invasive assessment (palpation of osteal prominences and subcutaneous fat tissue) in routine examination of an animal. In mammals, the BCS classification contains 5 levels: A low score describes a poor nutritional condition (BCS 1–2). A BCS of 3 to 4 is considered optimum, whereas a high score (BCS = 5) is associated with obesity. While BCS are published for most common laboratory mammals, these assessment criteria are not directly applicable to clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) due to their intracoelomic fat body instead of subcutaneous fat tissue. Therefore, this assessment tool is still missing for Xenopus laevis. The present study aimed to establish a species-specific BCS for clawed frogs in terms of housing refinement in lab-animal facilities. Accordingly, 62 adult female Xenopus laevis were weighed and sized. Further, the body contour was defined, classified, and assigned to BCS groups. A BCS 5 was associated with a mean body weight of 193.3 g (± 27.6 g), whereas a BCS 4 ranged at 163.1 g (±16.0 g). Animals with a BCS = 3 had an average body weight of 114.7 g (±16.7 g). A BCS = 2 was determined in 3 animals (103 g, 110 g, and 111 g). One animal had a BCS = 1 (83 g), equivalent to a humane endpoint. In conclusion, individual examination using the presented visual BCS provides a quick and easy assessment of the nutritional status and overall health of adult female Xenopus laevis. Due to their ectothermic nature and the associated special metabolic situation, it can be assumed that a BCS ≥3 is to be preferred for female Xenopus laevis. In addition, BCS assessment may indicate underlying subclinical health problems that require further diagnostic investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the body condition score for adult female Xenopus laevis

et al. 2023

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Interaction between ectoderm and mesoderm in duck‐chicken limb bud chimaeras

Zwilling

1959

J. Exp. Zool.

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Effects of excising the apical ectodermal ridge on the development of the marginal vasculature of the wing bud in the chick embryo

Feinberg

Saunders

1982

J. Exp. Zool.

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The limb bud of the chick embryo depends for its outgrowth on an interaction between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which rims the apex of the bud, and the subjacent limb bud mesoderm. This report describes the results of experiments that were designed to test whether a relationship exists between the AER and the origin of the distinctive marginal veins, which drain the early arterial supply and capillary bed of the wing bud. All of the AER or localized portions of it were excised from wing buds of embryos at stages 17-23. Effects of the operation on the vascular pattern were analyzed in specimens whose blood vessels were injected with India ink at appropriate postoperative intervals. Excision of all or part of the AER at stages prior to the formation of the marginal vein results in complete or partial failure of the marginal veins to form, depending on the extent of ridge deletion. Once the marginal vein is formed proximally, however, it persists proximally even after the AER is removed, but distally it fails to form. Limb bud mesoderm, encased in backskin ectoderm and grafted to a host embryo, fails to form a marginal vein, indicating that nonridge ectoderm will not substitute for the AER in promoting normal vascularization. Isolated limb buds grafted to the chorioallantoic membrane with their normal ectodermal covering show normal vasculogenesis, indicating that the vascular pattern of the limb is intrinsically determined. These results indicate that the AER is required for the establishment of the marginal veins and the formation of a characteristic vascular pattern in the limb.

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Die Bedeutung der Epidermisleiste für die Entwicklung der Beine von Xenopus laevis Daud

Cited by 18 publications

References 2 publications

Establishment of the body condition score for adult female Xenopus laevis

Establishment of the body condition score for adult female Xenopus laevis

Interaction between ectoderm and mesoderm in duck‐chicken limb bud chimaeras

Effects of excising the apical ectodermal ridge on the development of the marginal vasculature of the wing bud in the chick embryo

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