“…In a meta-analytic review, Funke (2014) examined 16 empirical studies conducted in German primary school classes (Grades 1–4) and compared classes applying phonological spelling instruction with delayed correction to classes applying a more traditional approach with direct instruction using certain textbooks (in German: Fibel). The review did not yield conclusive findings, possibly due to methodological constraints such as, primarily, particularly small and clustered sample sizes (see e.g., Friedrich, 2010; Röhr-Sendlmeier et al, 2007) or the fact that some of the reviewed studies had the character of case studies that solely relied on students’ and teachers’ reports (Weinhold, 2006). Nevertheless, one recently published longitudinal study by Kuhl (2020) found that, with regard to orthographic skill acquisition, children who learn with a traditional direct instruction approach, which introduces children to written language in a well-structured step by step manner, outperform children who learn with phonological spelling instruction with delayed correction throughout the 4 years of primary school.…”