Die Auswirkungen der Ausschaltung eines Nucleus ruber auf die Hirnrinde

Reinoso‐Suárez, Fernando

doi:10.1007/bf00244175

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The bioelectrical features of these synchronized bursts are similar to the relaxation rhythms described in cats during periods of relaxed wakefulness or drowsiness (Ursin and Sterman, 1981 ). A similar EEG synchronization, most conspicuously recorded in the ipsilateral frontal and parietal cortices, appears especially after the lesion of the brachium conjunctivum tract at the level of the red nucleus (Reinoso-Suárez, 1954 ). This intermediate- to high-voltage SWA in the theta band can also be recorded in the thalamic paralaminar nuclei that receive afferents from the cerebellum; it looks as if suppression of the cerebellar afferents releases these nuclei and allows them to fire at a possible intrinsic theta frequency, modulated by thalamic and other extrathalamic connections that, projecting to layer I, impose their bioelectrical activity on the frontal and parietal cortices (Figure 5 ; Reinoso-Suárez, 1992 , 1993 ; Reinoso-Suárez et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Brainstem and Cerebellar Structuresmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The frontal and posterior parietal cortices are the cortical regions that are the prime location for recruiting responses and spontaneous spindling in the cat (Morrison and Dempsey, 1942; Starzl and Magoun, 1951; Reinoso-Suárez, 1954). The superficial thalamocortical projection system to layer I in the frontal and posterior parietal cortex of the cat does not arise from intralaminar nuclei but from the paralaminar region of ventral medial, ventral anterior, and ventral lateral nuclei (Oka et al, 1982; Avendaño et al, 1990).…”

Section: The Thalamus and The Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recruiting responses are the neurophysiological activity that can be experimentally elicited in the cat cortex after low-frequency stimulation of the intralaminar and related nuclei (Morrison and Dempsey, 1942 ); these responses resemble the EEG activity recorded in superficial layer I of the cortex during sleep spindles (Hess, 1968 ). The frontal and posterior parietal cortices are the cortical regions that are the prime location for recruiting responses and spontaneous spindling in the cat (Morrison and Dempsey, 1942 ; Starzl and Magoun, 1951 ; Reinoso-Suárez, 1954 ). The superficial thalamocortical projection system to layer I in the frontal and posterior parietal cortex of the cat does not arise from intralaminar nuclei but from the paralaminar region of ventral medial, ventral anterior, and ventral lateral nuclei (Oka et al, 1982 ; Avendaño et al, 1990 ).…”

Section: The Thalamus and The Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

2011

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The state of non-REM sleep (NREM), or slow wave sleep, is associated with a synchronized EEG pattern in which sleep spindles and/or K complexes and high-voltage slow wave activity (SWA) can be recorded over the entire cortical surface. In humans, NREM is subdivided into stages 2 and 3–4 (presently named N3) depending on the proportions of each of these polygraphic events. NREM is necessary for normal physical and intellectual performance and behavior. An overview of the brain structures involved in NREM generation shows that the thalamus and the cerebral cortex are absolutely necessary for the most significant bioelectric and behavioral events of NREM to be expressed; other structures like the basal forebrain, anterior hypothalamus, cerebellum, caudal brain stem, spinal cord and peripheral nerves contribute to NREM regulation and modulation. In NREM stage 2, sustained hyperpolarized membrane potential levels resulting from interaction between thalamic reticular and projection neurons gives rise to spindle oscillations in the membrane potential; the initiation and termination of individual spindle sequences depends on corticothalamic activities. Cortical and thalamic mechanisms are also involved in the generation of EEG delta SWA that appears in deep stage 3–4 (N3) NREM; the cortex has classically been considered to be the structure that generates this activity, but delta oscillations can also be generated in thalamocortical neurons. NREM is probably necessary to normalize synapses to a sustainable basal condition that can ensure cellular homeostasis. Sleep homeostasis depends not only on the duration of prior wakefulness but also on its intensity, and sleep need increases when wakefulness is associated with learning. NREM seems to ensure cell homeostasis by reducing the number of synaptic connections to a basic level; based on simple energy demands, cerebral energy economizing during NREM sleep is one of the prevalent hypotheses to explain NREM homeostasis.

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Section: Brainstem and Cerebellar Structuresmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: The Thalamus and The Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Thalamus and The Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep

2011

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Topographical organization of the projections from the reticular thalamic nucleus to the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei in the cat

Velayos

Jiménez‐Castellanos

Reinoso‐Suárez

1989

J of Comparative Neurology

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The topography of the projections from the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RT) to the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei were studied in the cat by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Single small injections of the enzyme were made in the different intralaminar nuclei--mediodorsal, ventromedial, midline, and habenular--and in anterior group nuclei. The location and density of the neuronal labeling in the different parts of the RT were studied in each case. Our results show that 1) after injections located in all the nuclei here studied, a consistent number of labeled neurons were found in the RT, except for the injections in the lateral habenula and the anterior thalamic nuclear complex, both of which did not label neurons in the RT. 2) Among the other thalamic nuclei here studied, the most medially situated receive less numerous RT projections than those most laterally located. 3) Injections in all the nuclei studied gave rise to a cellular labeling in the anterior sectors of the RT, except for the anterior nuclear group and the lateral habenula. The projections from the rostral pole of the RT were topographically mediolaterally organized. 4) The anterodorsal part of the pregeniculate sector of the RT projects upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus and to a lesser extent upon the paracentral, centromedian, and ventromedial nuclei, the anterior part of the lateral central nucleus, and the lateral band of the mediodorsal nucleus. The posterodorsal part of the RT pregeniculate sector only projects to the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus. The dorsal portion of the posteroventral part of the RT pregeniculate sector also projects upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus; its ventral portion projects to the ventromedial nucleus, the posterior part of the paracentral nucleus, the lateral band of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the centromedian nucleus. 5) The infrageniculate sector of the RT projects to the posterior part of the ventromedial nucleus. A weaker projection to the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus, the centromedian nucleus, and the lateral band of the mediodorsal nucleus was also observed. 6) The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus projects upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus, the lateral band of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus. All these findings suggest an important modulatory action of the RT on the activity of the thalamic nuclei considered here.

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