“…[16,17] The antibacterial activity of β-lactams and also of glycopeptide antibiotics (such as, for instance, vancomycin) -the most widely used compounds -is due to inhibition of key steps in cell wall biosynthesis. [ myl peptides 17, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 49a and 49b, which, after deprotection, afforded the desired target molecules muramyl-L-alanine (38), muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid (39), muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutaminide (41), muramyl-L-alanyl-Disoglutaminyl-L-lysine (43), muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-(2S,6R)-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (45), muramyl-L-alanyl-L-isoglutaminyl-(2S,6R)-2,6-diaminopimelinyl-D-alanine (47) (AA) n ϭ n amino acids, with n ϭ 0Ϫ5 ever, the emergence of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics is a good reason to investigate the effects of partial structures of peptidoglycans further. [18,19] Bacterial infections result in an immune response that starts with the production of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines TNF-α and interleukins-1 and -6.…”