Didactic, experiential, and modeling factors in the learning of empathy.

Abstract

Effects of audio modeling versus no modeling and of experiential supervision versus didactic supervision were examined in brief empathy training. Three supervisors had six trainees in each of four groups: modeling-didactic supervision, no-modeling-didactic supervision, modeling-experiential supervision, no-modeling-experiential supervision. Two groups of 12 each received no supervision: modeling-controls and no-modeling-controls. Subject responses to recorded client statements indicated significant training effects from audio modeling as well as from didactic supervision on rated level of empathy. No improvement was found for the experiential supervision.

Helping Others and Helping Yourself: An Evaluation of Two Training Modules in a College Course

“…Since some students chose to extend their projects beyond the minimum time, treatments varied from three ro nine weeks For data analysis, average scores for the baseline week and the final week were used to y~e l d a pre and a post score for each student Pre-post Empathy Test. Paper and pencil forms of a situation test used in prior training studies (Payne, Note 1;Payne & Gralinski, 1968;Payne, Weiss. & Kapp, 1972;Payne, Winter, & Bell, 1972) were administered.…”

“…measure have rndicated no improvement for subjects not Helping Skills. Scores on the empathy test using Carkreceiving training (Hodge, 1976;Payne, Weiss, & Kapp, 1972;Payne, Winter. & Bell.…”

Research on Training Counselors and Clinicians

“…Nor has empirical evidence yet been reported to conclusively demonstrate that any such rating scale is validly related to any specific therapist behaviors, to the client's perception of the therapist's effectiveness, or to any other validated measure of therapist performance. This limitation applies even to the most frequently utilized (e.g., Carkhuff & Truax, 1965;Carlson, 1974;Gormally, Hill, Gulanick, & McGovern, 1975;Jordan, 1969;McWhirter, 1974;Payne, Weiss, & Knapp, 1972;Toukmanian & Rennie, 1975) and best researched (Carkhuff, 1969;Truax & Carkhuff, 1967) rating scales for observers, the accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth, genuineness, and concreteness measures (Gurman, 1978;Mitchell, Bozarth, & Krauft, 1978). The Counselor Verbal Response Scale (CVRS) (e.g., Austin & Alterkruse, 1972;Dendy, 1972;A.…”

Differential supervision and cognitive structure effects on empathy and counseling effectiveness

“…Most of these (Payne and Gralinski, 1968;Birk, 1972;Payne, Weiss and Kapp, 1972;Payne, Winter and Bell, 1972;and Carlson, 1974) have found the didactic to be more effective than the experiential in the learning of empathy. On the other hand, Silverman (1972Silverman ( , 1973 found that the experiential approach was more successful in fostering our affective relationships, as perceived by the counselor trainees and their clients.…”