“…Today, urban metropolitan areas in the US face declining bank and credit union branch numbers (NCRC, 2017; Tranfaglia, 2018; Sengupta and Dice, 2019) while alternative financial service providers (AFSPs)—including check‐cashing outlets, payday lenders and other ‘fringe’ providers—are proliferating (Caskey, 2005; Faber, 2018). Access to mainstream brick‐and‐mortar financial institutions, and the host of safe and affordable financial products and services they offer, is essential for local economic development (Leyshon and Thrift, 1994; Dymski and Veitch, 1996; Benjamin et al ., 2004) and is generally thought to promote financial inclusion (Jones, 2006; Friedline et al ., 2017; Birkenmaier and Fu, 2018; Sherraden et al ., 2018).…”