Did Adult Diurnal Activity Influence the Evolution of Wing Morphology in Opoptera Butterflies?

Penz, Carla M.; Heine, Kyle B.

doi:10.1007/s13744-015-0338-x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Diurnal species are less constrained in their time of activity (Freitas et al ., ), and may thus spend more time flying than crepuscular species, and exhibit wing shapes associated with reducing the energy requirements of flight. Penz & Heine () investigated whether diurnal or crepuscular behaviour was reflected in wing morphology across species of Brassolini. Accounting for phylogenetic divergence, they found that wings of diurnal species had a significantly higher AR and lower wing moment of area than wings of crepuscular species, implying that the temporal niche indeed may affect butterfly wing morphology.…”

Section: What Selective Factors Influence Flight and Associated Wing mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Morphological variation is usually studied at the macro‐evolutionary scale using phylogenetic comparative methods: departure from neutral divergence along tree branches implies putative adaptive evolution (e.g. Cespedes, Penz & DeVries, ; Chazot et al ., ; Penz & Heine, ). Within species, comparing morphological divergence with neutral divergence at molecular loci ( F ST / Q ST studies) enables the detection of adaptive micro‐evolution (Koskinen, Haugen & Primmer, ; Leinonen et al ., ; Schäfer et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reliable phylogenies allow the investigation of macro‐evolutionary processes acting on wing shape through comparative studies (e.g. Chazot et al ., ; Penz & Heine, ). Estimating the influence of morphological variation among species on flight performance is challenging, particularly because of interactions with other traits that also diverge among species (but see Tercel, Veronesi & Pope, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…between the canopy and understorey) (DeVries, Penz & Hill, ), or temporally (e.g. with different activity peaks during the day) (Penz & Heine, ). Spatial and temporal niches are characterized by differences in abiotic (temperature, light) and biotic (plant and predator community) environments, exerting contrasting selective pressures on flight behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour

2019

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Butterflies display extreme variation in wing shape associated with tremendous ecological diversity. Disentangling the role of neutral versus adaptive processes in wing shape diversification remains a challenge for evolutionary biologists. Ascertaining how natural selection influences wing shape evolution requires both functional studies linking morphology to flight performance, and ecological investigations linking performance in the wild with fitness. However, direct links between morphological variation and fitness have rarely been established. The functional morphology of butterfly flight has been investigated but selective forces acting on flight behaviour and associated wing shape have received less attention. Here, we attempt to estimate the ecological relevance of morpho-functional links established through biomechanical studies in order to understand the evolution of butterfly wing morphology. We survey the evidence for natural and sexual selection driving wing shape evolution in butterflies, and discuss how our functional knowledge may allow identification of the selective forces involved, at both the macro-and micro-evolutionary scales. Our review shows that although correlations between wing shape variation and ecological factors have been established at the macro-evolutionary level, the underlying selective pressures often remain unclear. We identify the need to investigate flight behaviour in relevant ecological contexts to detect variation in fitness-related traits. Identifying the selective regime then should guide experimental studies towards the relevant estimates of flight performance. Habitat, predators and sex-specific behaviours are likely to be major selective forces acting on wing shape evolution in butterflies. Some striking cases of morphological divergence driven by contrasting ecology involve both wing and body morphology, indicating that their interactions should be included in future studies investigating co-evolution between morphology and flight behaviour.

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Section: What Selective Factors Influence Flight and Associated Wing mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Adaptive evolution of butterfly wing shape: from morphology to behaviour

2019

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“…The parallel modification of wing shape was documented in several different groups of insects and may be acquired by various evolutionary mechanisms (Klingenberg and Gidaszewski 2010 ). Similarity in wing shape may be the effect of adaptation to the specific microhabitat (Chazot et al 2016 ), environmental conditions (Pezzoli et al 1997 ), migration (Suárez-Tovar and Sarmiento 2016 ) or be related with an analogous defense strategy (Barber et al 2015 ) and behavior (Johansson et al 2009 ; Penz and Heine 2016 ). Here we documented, for the first time, that reduction of elytra can affect hind wing evolution and lead to homoplasy in this trait among unrelated insect taxa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings

2017

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Beetles are one of the largest and most diverse groups of animals in the world. Conversion of forewings into hardened shields is perceived as a key adaptation that has greatly supported the evolutionary success of this taxa. Beetle elytra play an essential role: they minimize the influence of unfavorable external factors and protect insects against predators. Therefore, it is particularly interesting why some beetles have reduced their shields. This rare phenomenon is called brachelytry and its evolution and implications remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we focused on rare group of brachelytrous beetles with exposed hind wings. We have investigated whether the elytra loss in different beetle taxa is accompanied with the hind wing shape modification, and whether these changes are similar among unrelated beetle taxa. We found that hind wings shape differ markedly between related brachelytrous and macroelytrous beetles. Moreover, we revealed that modifications of hind wings have followed similar patterns and resulted in homoplasy in this trait among some unrelated groups of wing-exposed brachelytrous beetles. Our results suggest that elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings.

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